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"Gardens Design Case studies."
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Examining the Microclimate Pattern and Related Spatial Perception of the Urban Stormwater Management Landscape: The Case of Rain Gardens
This study examines the microclimate pattern and related spatial perception of urban green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) and the stormwater management landscape, using rain gardens as a case study. It investigates the relationship between different rain garden design factors, such as scale, depth, and planting design, and their effects on microclimate patterns and human spatial perception. Taking an area in Blacksburg, Virginia, as the study site, twelve rain garden design scenarios are generated by combining different design factors. The potential air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed/direction are analyzed through computational simulation. Additionally, feelings of comfort, the visual beauty of the landscape, and the overall favorite are used as an evaluation index to investigate people’s perception of various rain garden design options. The study found that a multilayer and complex planting design can add more areas with moderate temperature and higher humidity. It also significantly improves people’s subjective perception of a rain garden. Furthermore, a larger scale rain garden can make people feel more comfortable and improve the visual beauty of the landscape, highlighting the importance of designing larger and recreational bioretention cells in GSI systems. Regarding depth, a relatively flatter rain garden with a complex planting design can bring stronger air flow and achieve better visual comfort and visual beauty. Overall, by examining the microclimate pattern and related perception of rain gardens, this study provides insight into better rain garden design strategies for the urban stormwater management landscape. It explores the potential of rain garden design in urban GSI and responds to climate change.
Journal Article
The making of place : modern and contemporary gardens
\"From imposing sculptures discovered in woodlands or on hilly trails to community gardens, and along disused rail tracks to ones made on inhospitable seashores, this book offers insights into the history and make-up of contemporary gardens, whether they reflect the priorities of modern society, bring new ideas and materials into the world, or seek the reinvention of ancient cultures. The modern botanical gardens, sculpture parks, campuses, memorial gardens and vernacular gardens examined showcase the differences between cultures and countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the United States, China and Australia\"--Jacket.
Book
A Comparative Study of the Design of East Asian Royal Gardens
The current research methods employed in the study of gardens are largely concentrated in the fields of landscape architecture, architecture, and ecology. However, there is a paucity of analytical methods dedicated to the domain of garden design. However, the design content of gardens is within the scope of design studies. It is therefore imperative to develop or refine research methods for the analysis of gardens that are firmly grounded in design principles. The primary contribution of this study is the development of a design analysis framework, centered on the interrelationships between ‘user–garden–environment’, which can be applied to the analysis and investigation of gardens from a ‘people, objects, and environment’ perspective, in alignment with design studies. Influenced by similar geography, environment, culture, customs, etc., the garden design of China, Japan, and South Korea presents a very East Asian design style of forms, elements, features, etc., but also formed the differences of each characteristic. This paper takes China’s Chengde Mountain Resort, Japan’s Shugakuin Imperial Villa, and South Korea’s Changdeokgung, which are listed on the World Heritage List, as examples Based on the design analysis method proposed in this paper, a relevant design comparative study is conducted in three aspects: users of East Asia’s royal gardens, the design object—the gardens—and the external environment, and the similarities and differences between the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean royal gardens are analyzed. This study aims to verify the feasibility of the analytical framework of ‘user–garden–environment’ design by analyzing typical cases of royal gardens in China, Japan, and South Korea. This will enable the creation of multiple values conducive to the development of gardens. Furthermore, the analytical framework of ‘user–garden–environment’ is subjected to a process of deconstruction through the case studies of typical royal gardens in the three East Asian countries. This is done to overcome the limitations of existing research methodologies, provide a novel systematic research methodology for garden research, and facilitate the protection and inheritance of the historical and cultural heritage of gardens in East Asia. Additionally, this approach offers a reference point for related garden research in the context of modern lifestyles.
Journal Article
A Case Study Based on Space Syntax Theory: West Shu Garden of Qingxi, Dujiangyan Scenic Area
Xishu Gardens embodies the essence of traditional Chinese landscape design, boasting unique cultural heritage and local charm. However, research on it is often limited to the aesthetic aspects of gardens, lacking the scientific analysis of garden spaces. This paper explores Xishu Gardens through the lens of space syntax, a method commonly used for analyzing architectural features. The focus is Qingxi Garden, located within the Dujiangyan Scenic Area. It is one of the representative gardens of Xishu Gardens. Based on field investigation and spatial mapping, Qingxi Garden was digitally reconstructed for the first time followed by a detailed analysis in open-source software DepthmapX 0.8.0. This analysis involved a meticulous examination of the garden’s pathways and spatial elements, integrating on-site measurements and survey data to ensure precision. By conducting a quantitative analysis of the spatial structure of Qingxi Garden, the results indicate that areas with low visible depth, as well as high road connectivity and integration, are more accessible to visitors. This accessibility serves as the central spatial node within Qingxi Garden, where a collection of bonsai is prominently exhibited. The interplay between spatial features in the landscape and architectural spaces can significantly influence tourist activities. The landscape architecture of the garden features the distinctive ventilated lattice design characteristic of West Shu gardens, providing visitors with a comfortable spatial experience. The design of Qingxi Garden not only inherits the natural design principles of West Shu gardens but also scientifically integrates the spatial layout of bonsai exhibitions. The design of Qingxi Garden draws upon the traditional garden-making techniques of the Xishu region while also respecting the natural topography of the site. It incorporates local cultural elements, such as bonsai, into its framework. The arrangement of the bonsai exhibition is executed in a scientific and rational manner. Qingxi Garden aims to achieve a harmonious integration of natural beauty and cultural aesthetics in its design, resulting in a garden landscape that is both visually appealing and rich in cultural significance. The design principles and methodologies employed offer a novel perspective for contemporary garden design.
Journal Article
Biophilic Design Patterns for Primary Schools
Existing frameworks for biophilic design have similar strategies and attributes as useful checklists for designers; however, the focus has been on adults rather than children, and there remains the need for more guidance related to school design by extension. The application of biophilia would be a design resolution in schools because of its impact on children’s health and well-being, which has been more important since the pandemic started; however, it remains quite unexplored in school design in many countries, including the UK. Biophilic design patterns can be used in school buildings and grounds for greater connectivity between spaces and nature in order to promote children’s well-being. This paper focuses on ten biophilic design patterns under two categories of ‘nature in the space’ and ‘natural analogues.’ This study presents the findings of case studies in various countries. The analysis focuses on the manifestations of biophilia to inform the application of biophilic design patterns for primary schools. Finally, this paper suggests how primary school children could be involved in a co-design process in order to evaluate biophilic design patterns.
Journal Article
Application and evaluation of traditional garden culture in modern urban landscape design under the context of cultural sustainability
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) views cultural diversity as a core driver of sustainable development. Traditional garden culture, as an essential component of Chinese culture, encompasses rich historical significance and unique aesthetic values. Integrating elements of traditional garden culture into modern urban landscape design can enhance the cultural depth of urban spaces and increase the attractiveness and cultural identity of urban environments, thereby fostering sustainable urban development. In this context, this study proposes a method framework for the innovative design and evaluation of urban landscapes. Urban public landscape streetlights are used as a case study. First, the Grounded Theory (GT) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are combined to construct its hierarchical model of design evaluation indicators, and the weights and priority rankings of these indicators are calculated. Based on the AHP analysis results, the study draws inspiration from the traditional garden cultural elements of the Jinci Temple in Shanxi to carry out an innovative design practice for local urban landscape streetlights. Finally, the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) method is employed to assess and select the design proposals. This study explores the application and evaluation methods of traditional garden culture in modern urban landscape design based on the GT-AHP-FCE framework. The feasibility and effectiveness of this framework are validated through design examples, providing innovative theoretical and practical guidance for future designers and offering new pathways for the inheritance and innovation of traditional garden culture.
Journal Article
Landscape Design and Sustainable Tourism at the Wuyistar Chinese Tea Garden, a World Heritage Site in Fujian, China
Wuyi Mountain in China is listed on the World Natural and Cultural Heritage List. With the vigorous development of urban cultural tourism, the sustainable development of heritage sites has become the focus of academic and industry circles, among which the rational use and scientific planning of natural resources have become increasingly prominent. In this context, in-depth research on resource development and protection strategies in the Wuyishan area has important practical significance and theoretical value. Therefore, this paper presents a case study of the tourist tea garden landscape design practice at the Wuyistar Chinese Tea Garden, located in Wuyishan City. This paper underscores the significance of incorporating the site’s existing natural environment resources, particularly its plant resources, into the tea garden landscape design, while adhering to principles within the framework of world heritage. The research method includes extensive field surveys combined with GIS analysis and biodiversity surveys, covering the topography and slope of the tea plantation, current natural resources, statistics on the number of tourists after completion, and the related benefits of local enterprises. These planning concepts are realized through a series of infrastructure measures, which are divided into four angles: restoring mountains and rivers, rereading cultural context, sorting out style and appearance, and improving functions. The design practice is carried out in different areas. Simultaneously, the creation of a distinctive tourist destination enables tourists to fully engage with nature and tea culture, while simultaneously fostering the growth of cultural tourism in world heritage sites. This study proposes a planning practice case, which provides a framework and ideas for designing tea gardens. From the aspects of resource protection and utilization, cultural inheritance and display, and tourism service improvement, it provides a model and method that can be used as a reference for the landscape design and planning of similar tea gardens, which will help promote the healthy development of the Chinese tea culture tourism industry. It also provides useful practical experience for the protection and development of world heritage sites.
Journal Article
Evaluation of the Design Effectiveness of Real-Space Gamified Interaction in Historic Spaces: A Case Study of Qinghui Garden
With the rise in cultural tourism, visitors’ demand for historical and cultural experiences has grown, prompting historical architecture not only to focus on physical preservation but also to offer more intuitive, engaging, and interactive experiences. This study proposes a design method for real-space gamified interactive experiences through mobile applications in historical environments. Qinghui Garden, one of the Four Famous Lingnan Gardens, is used as a case study. A total of 54 visitors participated in an on-site field experiment, with data collected through pre- and post-experience questionnaires, behavioral tracking, and supplementary semi-structured interviews. Through a comparative experiment with three groups of visitors—free exploration, traditional guided tours, and real-space gamified interactive experiences—it was found that the gamified interactive method demonstrated superior clarity and reliability in its technology. Visitor cognitive performance and subjective satisfaction increased by approximately 62.5%, and the gamified interaction effectively guided the spatial flow and interaction behaviors with specific spaces. These findings provide new insights into the design of real-space gamified interactive experiences in historical spaces, contributing significantly to the preservation and cognition of cultural heritage.
Journal Article
Exploring visitor perception and environmental element relationships in rock carving landscapes through random forest analysis
As a typical representative of cultural landscapes, the perceptual assessment of rock carvings encompasses not only the artistry of the carvings themselves but also the multi-dimensional impact of the surrounding environment on tourists. However, existing studies primarily focus on evaluating the artistic value of rock carvings while overlooking the influence of the environment on visitor experience. Taking Yeshan Spring and Autumn Garden as a case study, this research collected image data and visitor perception surveys to establish key perception indicators and employed the random forest method to analyze the importance of environmental factors and their association with visitor perception. The findings indicate that uniqueness and comfort are the key factors shaping visitor experiences, with rock carvings serving as the core anchors attracting visitors. Additionally, vegetation elements—particularly middle vegetation—demonstrated significant potential in influencing and enhancing visitor perception. This study preliminarily reveals the complex relationships between environmental elements and visitor perception and highlights the nonlinear contribution of the synergy among garden elements to improving visitor experience. Following the “one garden, one policy” design principle, this study emphasizes the importance of tailoring conservation and development strategies based on the unique natural conditions, historical and cultural background, and social needs of each garden. It underscores the necessity of optimizing the synergy among garden elements as an effective approach to enhancing visitor perception. By integrating quantitative techniques, this research constructs a more comprehensive evaluation system, providing a valuable reference for cultural heritage preservation and ecological sustainability.
Journal Article