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"Gas detectors"
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Sensors for safety and process control in hydrogen technologies
The use of hydrogen generated from renewable energy sources is expected to become an essential component of a low-carbon, environmentally friendly energy supply, spurring the worldwide development of hydrogen technologies. This title provides practical, expert-driven information on modern sensors for hydrogen and other gases as well as physical parameters essential for safety and process control in hydrogen technologies. It illustrates how sensing technologies can ensure the safe and efficient implementation of the emerging global hydrogen market.
Book
Recent Advances in Photo−Activated Chemical Sensors
Gas detectors have attracted considerable attention for monitoring harmful gases and air pollution because of industry development and the ongoing interest in human health. On the other hand, conventional high−temperature gas detectors are unsuitable for safely detecting harmful gases at high activation temperatures. Photo−activated gas detectors improve gas sensing performance at room temperature and enable low−power operation. This review presents a timely overview of photo−activated gas detectors that use illuminated light instead of thermal energy. Illuminated light assists in gas detection and is classified as visible or ultraviolet light. The research on photo−activated gas detectors is organized according to the type of gas that can be intensively detected. In addition, a development strategy for advancing photo−activated gas detectors is discussed.
Journal Article
A guide to fire and gas detection design
\"This book will give readers the upper hand when working on a project to cut through the marketing of detection and design an effective system. It is an ideal text for professionals and graduate students working in the fields of occupational health and safety, fire protection engineering, and environmental safety\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Optimizing Sensor Placement for Event Detection: A Case Study in Gaseous Chemical Detection
In dynamic industrial environments, strategic sensor placement is key to accurately monitoring equipment and detecting critical events. Despite progress in Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things, research on optimal sensor placement remains limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing how sensor placement impacts event detection, using chemical detection as a case study with an open dataset. Detecting gases is challenging due to their dispersion. Effective algorithms and well-planned sensor locations are required for reliable results. Using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and decision tree (DT) methods, we implemented and tested detection models on a public dataset of chemical substances collected at five locations. In addition, we also implemented a multi-objective optimization approach based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to identify optimal sensor configurations that balance high detection accuracy with cost efficiency in sensor deployment. Using the refined sensor placement, the DCNN model achieved 100% accuracy using only 30% of the available sensors.
Journal Article
Electroluminescence and Electron Avalanching in Two-Phase Detectors
Electroluminescence and electron avalanching are the physical effects used in two-phase argon and xenon detectors for dark matter searches and neutrino detection, to amplify the primary ionization signal directly in cryogenic noble-gas media. We review the concepts of such light and charge signal amplification, including a combination thereof, both in the gas and in the liquid phase. Puzzling aspects of the physics of electroluminescence and electron avalanching in two-phase detectors are explained, and detection techniques based on these effects are described.
Journal Article
Gas sensors
This book reviews the developments and applications of traditional and emerging materials for gas sensors. Each chapter considers a sensor material and discusses the mode of operation, intrinsic material properties, preparation, device construction and areas of application opened by the novel modes of action and properties of the sensing material. With coverage spanning n- and p-type metal oxides, graphene, 2D metal chalcogenides, carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids and conducting polymer composites this up-to-date synthesis will provide invaluable reading for industrial and academic researchers and engineers developing and exploiting new materials for the increasingly diverse areas of applications for modern gas sensors.
eBook
Towards Highly Efficient Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Sensors in Humid and Wet Environments Using Triggerable-Polymer Metasurfaces
We report simulations on a highly-sensitive class of metasurface-based nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors, operating in the telecom C band around the 1550 nm line and exhibiting strong variations in terms of the reflection coefficient after assimilation of NO2 molecules. The unit architecture employs a polymer-based (polyvinylidene fluoride—PVDF or polyimide—PI) motif of either half-rings, rods, or disks having selected sizes and orientations, deposited on a gold substrate. On top of this, we add a layer of hydrophyllic polymer (POEGMA) functionalized with a NO2-responsive monomer (PAPUEMA), which is able to adsorb water molecules only in the presence of NO2 molecules. In this process, the POEGMA raises its hidrophyllicity, while not triggering a phase change in the bulk material, which, in turn, modifies its electrical properties. Contrary to absorption-based gas detection and electrical signal-based sensors, which experience considerable limitations in humid or wet environments, our method stands out by simple exploitation of the basic material properties of the functionalized polymer. The results show that NO2-triggered water molecule adsorption from humid and wet environments can be used in conjunction with our metasurface architecture in order to provide a highly-sensitive response in the desired spectral window. Additionally, instead of measuring the absorption spectrum of the NO2 gas, in which humidity counts as a parasitic effect due to spectral overlap, this method allows tuning to a desired wavelength at which the water molecules are transparent, by scaling the geometry and thicknesses of the layers to respond to a desired wavelength. All these advantages make our proposed sensor architecture an extremely-viable candidate for both biological and atmospheric NO2 gas-sensing applications.
Journal Article
The Recent Development in Chemoresistive-Based Heterostructure Gas Sensor Technology, Their Future Opportunities and Challenges: A Review
Atmospheric pollution has become a critical problem for modern society; therefore, the research in this area continually aims to develop a high-performance gas sensor for health care and environmental safety. Researchers have made a significant contribution in this field by developing highly sensitive sensor-based novel selective materials. The aim of this article is to review recent developments and progress in the selective and sensitive detection of environmentally toxic gases. Different classifications of gas sensor devices are discussed based on their structure, the materials used, and their properties. The mechanisms of the sensing devices, identified by measuring the change in physical property using adsorption/desorption processes as well as chemical reactions on the gas-sensitive material surface, are also discussed. Additionally, the article presents a comprehensive review of the different morphologies and dimensions of mixed heterostructure, multilayered heterostructure, composite, core-shell, hollow heterostructure, and decorated heterostructure, which tune the gas-sensing properties towards hazardous gases. The article investigates in detail the growth and interface properties, concentrating on the material configurations that could be employed to prepare nanomaterials for commercial gas-sensing devices.
Journal Article
Mixed-gas CH4/CO2/CO detection based on linear variable optical filter and thermopile detector array
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a middle-infrared (MIR) linear variable optical filter (LVOF) and thermopile detectors that will be used in a miniaturized mixed gas detector for CH
4
/CO
2
/CO measurement. The LVOF was designed as a tapered-cavity Fabry-Pérot optical filter, which can transform the MIR continuous spectrum into multiple narrow band-pass spectra with peak wavelength in linear variation. Multi-layer dielectric structures were used to fabricate the Bragg reflectors on the both sides of tapered cavity as well as the antireflective film combined with the function of out-of-band rejection. The uncooled thermopile detectors were designed and fabricated as a multiple-thermocouple suspension structure using micro-electro-mechanical system technology. Experimentally, the LVOF exhibits a mean full-width-at-half-maximum of 400 nm and mean peak transmittance of 70% at the wavelength range of 2.3~5 μm. The thermopile detectors exhibit a responsivity of 146 μV/°C at the condition of room temperature. It is demonstrated that the detectors can achieve the quantification and identification of CH
4
/CO
2
/CO mixed gas.
Journal Article
Current Opportunities and Trends in the Gas Sensor Market: A Focus on e-Noses and Their Applications in Food Industry
Electronic noses (e-noses) are devices developed to recognize/classify odors and used in many fields, matching the current societal needs and concerns, such as food integrity and quality control, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, safety, and security in urban and industrial settlements. In this study, we review the application fields of e-noses based on a market analysis of currently available devices. A total of 44 companies active up to 2024, as well as 265 products, have been identified by considering the web pages of companies that feature e-noses among their products. These devices have been classified according to (i) the sensing mechanisms underlying the device performances and (ii) the application fields. The most diffused sensing devices/systems are chemiresistors (12.8%), electrochemical sensors (13.0%), catalytic beads (12.4%), and those based on optical detection techniques (16.0%). Commercial e-noses find large application in the industrial (21.0%) and chemical and petrochemical (21.0%) fields. A focus is made on the food and beverage application field, which is still a minor part of the overall share (6.0%) but is rapidly increasing and plays a relevant role in future applications where safety, sustainability, and quality issues are strictly intertwined. From this study, a rather complex picture emerges, and a proper taxonomy is expected to correctly classify the different kinds of e-noses.
Journal Article