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"Gas pipelines Economic aspects."
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Economic Analysis on Hydrogen Pipeline Infrastructure Establishment Scenarios: Case Study of South Korea
South Korea has a plan to realize a hydrogen economy, and it is essential to establish a main hydrogen pipeline for hydrogen transport. This study develops a cost estimation model applicable to the construction of hydrogen pipelines and conducts an economic analysis to evaluate various scenarios for hydrogen pipeline construction. As a result, the cost of modifying an existing natural gas to a hydrogen pipeline is the lowest, however, there are issues with the safety of the modified hydrogen pipes from natural gas and the necessity of the existing natural gas pipelines. In the case of a short-distance hydrogen pipeline, the cost is about 1.8 times that of the existing natural gas pipeline modification, but it is considered a transitional scenario before the construction of the main hydrogen pipeline nationwide. Lastly, in the case of long-distance main hydrogen pipeline construction, it takes about 3.7 times as much cost as natural gas pipeline modification, however it has the advantage of being the ultimate hydrogen pipeline network. In this study, various hydrogen pipeline establishment scenarios ware compared. These results are expected to be utilized to establish plans for building hydrogen pipelines and to evaluate their economic feasibility.
Journal Article
External Costs of Transporting Petroleum Products
Using data for crude oil transported out of North Dakota in 2014, this paper constructs new estimates of the air pollution, greenhouse gas, and spill and accident costs from long-distance movement of petroleum products by rail and pipelines. Our analysis has three main findings. First, air pollution and greenhouse gas costs are nearly twice as large for rail as for pipelines. Second, air pollution and greenhouse gas costs are much larger than estimates of spill and accidents costs. Third, air pollution and greenhouse gas costs of transporting fuel by rail and pipelines are one-fifth to one-tenth of the costs of combusting fuel in motor vehicles. These results suggest that the policy debate surrounding crude oil transportation may be putting too much relative weight on spills and accidents, while overlooking a far more serious external cost: air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Journal Article
Chemical Performance Evaluation and Economic Benefit Analysis of Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Oil and Gas Pipelines
In order to improve the corrosion resistance of oil and gas pipelines, this study conducted a chemical performance evaluation and economic benefit analysis of corrosion-resistant coatings for oil and gas pipelines. Prepare corrosion-resistant coatings for oil and gas pipelines, apply them onto steel plate specimens, prepare samples, conduct tests on heat resistance, electrochemical impedance, etc., and complete the chemical performance evaluation of the coatings. Based on cost analysis, conduct an economic benefit study on the corrosion-resistant coating. The experimental results show that the corrosion-resistant coating can maintain the stability of the structure in high temperature environments, with a high impedance value. It can effectively block the corrosion of the substrate by electrolyte solutions, significantly reduce the corrosion rate, and protect pipeline steel plates from corrosion damage. At the level of economic benefit analysis, taking into account the cost of coating preparation, construction, and maintenance saved due to reduced corrosion during long-term use, although the initial investment of this corrosion-resistant coating was relatively high, its excellent anti-corrosion performance effectively reduced pipeline maintenance costs and replacement frequency, demonstrating significant economic benefits in long-term operation. Meanwhile, its excellent weather resistance and durability reduce the downtime losses caused by frequent maintenance, further enhancing the overall economic benefits.
Journal Article
Stochastic Modeling of Natural Gas Infrastructure Development in Europe under Demand Uncertainty
We present an analysis of the optimal development of natural gas infrastructure in Europe based on the scenario studies of Holz and von Hirschhausen (2013). We use a stochastic mixed integer quadratic model to analyze the impact of uncertainty about future natural gas consumption in Europe on optimal investments in pipelines. Our data is based on results from the PRIMES model of natural gas demand and technology scenarios discussed in Knopf et al. (2013). We present a comparison between the results from the stochastic model and the expected value model, as well as an analysis of the individual scenarios. We also performed sensitivity analyses on the probabilities of the future scenarios. Comparison of the results from the stochastic model to those of a deterministic expected value model reveals a negligible Value of the Stochastic Solution. We do, however, find structurally different infrastructure solutions in the stochastic and the deterministic models. Regarding infrastructure expansions, we find that 1) the largest pipeline investments will be towards Asia, 2) there is a trend towards a larger gas supply from Africa to Europe, and 3) within Europe, eastward connections will be strengthened. Our main finding using the stochastic approach is that there is limited option value in delaying investments in natural gas infrastructure, until more information is available regarding policy and technology in 2020, due to the low costs of overcapacity.
Journal Article
Land use and land cover changes along the China-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines: monitoring infrastructure development in remote conflict-prone regions
Energy infrastructures can have negative impacts on the environment. In remote and / or sparsely populated as well as in conflict-prone regions, these can be difficult to assess, in particular when they are of a large scale. Analyzing land use and land cover changes can be an important initial step towards establishing the quantity and quality of impacts. Drawing from very-high-resolution-multi-temporal-satellite-imagery, this paper reports on a study which employed the Random Forest Classifier and Land Change Modeler to derive detailed information of the spatial patterns and temporal variations of land-use and land-cover changes resulting from the China-Myanmar Oil and Gas Pipelines in Ann township in Myanmar’s Rakhine State of Myanmar. Deforestation and afforestation conversion processes during pre- and post-construction periods (2010 to 2012) are compared. Whilst substantial forest areas were lost along the pipelines, this is only part of the story, as afforestation has also happened in parallel. However, afforestation areas can be of a lower value, and in order to be able to take quality of forests into account, it is of crucial importance to accompany satellite-imagery based techniques with field observation. Findings have important implications for future infrastructure development projects in conflict-affected regions in Myanmar and elsewhere
Journal Article
Energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic assessment of a novel control system for indirect heaters in natural gas city gate stations
AbstractThe energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions in natural gas city gate stations are important issues in the natural gas industry. In order to improve efficiency, have a cleaner environment and achieve economic benefits, the present study aims to propose an optimal system for the indirect water bath heaters in natural gas city gate stations. The optimization procedure is carried out by designing a control system to gain an eligible discharge temperature for the heater based on the gas entry conditions to the city gate station. The controller calculates the temperature of hydrate formation in terms of passing gas pressure and gives this information to the torch of the heater for regulating fuel consumption. A comprehensive study is accomplished based on energy, exergy, environment and economic analysis for different pressure reduction stations. The results indicate that employing the proposed system decreases the amount of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emissions along with increasing system efficiency. Analyzing the results reveals that using the proposed system leads to a maximum of 28.54% relative increment in the heater efficiency compared to the conventional system (at this condition, the heater efficiency of the conventional and proposed system is η = 36.12% to η = 46.43%, respectively). Furthermore, with choosing a heater with a capacity of 100,000 SCMH, it is possible to reduce the pollutants emissions and total costs down to 142.6 tons per year and 3,671,000 $ per year, respectively.Graphic abstract
Journal Article
An Assessment of Environmental Impact on Offshore Decommissioning of Oil and Gas Pipelines
There has been a steady growth in the length of pipelines over the past 45 years, with over 6000 operating platforms extracting oil. Several facilities would reach their operational life, which can no longer be economically viable for their production and will eventually undergo the decommissioning procedure. Almost 3000 petroleum industries will likely be decommissioned worldwide in the next 17 years. By 2030, the total cost of decommissioning globally amounted to about USD 104.5 billion. The choice to decommission the offshore oil and gas sector is considered complicated and crucial as it must evaluate numerous variables such as cost, health and safety, and environmental consequences. This review paper aims to assess the decommissioning activity, specifically on pipelines in the oil and gas industry. The purpose of this study is to understand and evaluate significant environmental impacts associated with decommissioning of oil pipelines and to propose mitigation measures to address the challenges of decommissioning. Waste disposal, a threat to biodiversity and air pollution, is a major environmental concern in decommissioning oil and gas pipelines. Among the decommissioning measures, leave in-situ has the lowest environmental impact while repurposing and recycling, with the application of environmental impact qualitatively and quantitatively by integrating 3D information models, mathematical models embedded in hydrodynamic models look promising for decommissioning.
Journal Article
Market Power and Long-term Gas Contracts: The Case of Gazprom in Central and Eastern European Gas Markets
We explore a major European competition decision, the 2012–18 Gazprom case, using a global gas market simulation model. We find that access to LNG markets alone is insufficient to counterbalance Gazprom’s strategic behaviour; central and eastern Europe (CEE) needs to be well interconnected with bidirectional flow capability. ‘Swap deals’ created by the decision facilitate CEE market integration, while limiting Gazprom’s potential market power. Such deals may increase the diversity of contracted gas and number of market players, but do not improve physical supply diversity. In the next five years, swap deals could marginally impact negatively the utilization of strategic assets in CEE, but since Gazprom’s commitments expire by mid-2026, utilization of these strategic assets may fall considerably, especially if Gazprom withholds supplies. As an unintended consequence, CEE markets may disintegrate from the rest of Europe. Avoiding such outcomes will require further gas market reforms, particularly, market design for gas transportation.
Journal Article
Operations Research Enables Better Planning of Natural Gas Pipelines
China’s natural gas consumption has nearly doubled over the last five years. To better meet demand, the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China’s largest oil and natural gas producer and supplier, partnered with researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, and Tsinghua University in Beijing to apply innovative operations research to develop and implement new software that helps CNPC improve the management of its gas pipeline network. Previously, all pipeline production and construction planning for CNPC, which controls 72% of the country’s natural gas resources and 70% of its pipeline network, was conducted by traditional methods using spreadsheets. However, because of the network’s increasing size and complexity, using the traditional method resulted in excess costs and wasted resources. Since the implementation of the new software, which uses a three-stage convex relaxation method and iterative piecewise linear approximation methods, at the end of 2014, CNPC has realized approximately $530 million in increased profits. Moreover, the resulting increased efficiency of the existing pipeline network allowed the company to postpone adding new pipelines, leading to an official budget reduction of over $20 billion in construction costs for the subsequent five years.
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