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Representations of Salomé have been hued in the paradoxical characterisations of the beautifully seductive and evil femme fatale. While some artists closely aligned their depictions to this Pandorian stereotype in collusion with narrative traditions of the oppressive male gaze, others challenged it through inventive reimaginations of Salomé, unveiling glimpses of the character’s complex emotive, psychological, and sensual universe that still manages to leave spectators ambivalent and discombobulated today. This article explores the transformations of Salomé in artistic representations of the Decadence across a range of media through a comparative reading of Huysmans’ novel À Rebours (1884), Wilde’s play Salomé (1891) and Strauss’ opera Salomé (1905). The interpretive changes in her characterisations – the femme fatale par excellence, the tragically fated heroine, the transgressive Decadent artist, the self-fulfilled hedonist – uncover a weaponisation of Salomé, transforming her oppressive patriarchal environmental conditions and the sexually objectifying male gaze that have often confined her, to reveal an empowered aesthetic of Decadent transgression that questions and subverts traditional gender and power dynamics, gender identities, and sensual feminine subjectivities.

Humans tend to shift attention according to others’ eye-gaze direction. This is a core ability as it permits to create pervasive relationships among individuals and with the environment around them. In the beginning, this form of social orienting was considered a reflexive phenomenon, but in recent years evidence has shown that it is also permeable to several social factors related to the observer, the individual depicted in the cueing face, and the relationship between them. The major goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview concerning the role that social variables can play in shaping covert gaze cueing in healthy adults, critically examining both the modulatory social factors for which evidence is more robust and those for which evidence is mixed. When available, overt attention studies will also be discussed. Finally, a novel theoretical framework linking these social and attention domains will be also introduced.

Human eye gaze conveys an enormous amount of socially relevant information, and the rapid assessment of gaze direction is of particular relevance in order to adapt behavior accordingly. Specifically, previous research demonstrated evidence for an advantage of processing direct (vs. averted) gaze. The present study examined discrimination performance for gaze direction (direct vs. averted) under controlled presentation conditions: Using a backward-masking gaze-discrimination task, photographs of faces with direct and averted gaze were briefly presented, followed by a mask stimulus. Additionally, effects of facial context on gaze discrimination were assessed by either presenting gaze direction in isolation (i.e., by only showing the eye region) or in the context of an upright or inverted face. Across three experiments, we consistently observed a facial context effect with highest discrimination performance for faces presented in upright position, lower performance for inverted faces, and lowest performance for eyes presented in isolation. Additionally, averted gaze was generally responded to faster and with higher accuracy than direct gaze, indicating an averted-gaze advantage . Overall, the results suggest that direct gaze is not generally associated with processing advantages, thereby highlighting the important role of presentation conditions and task demands in gaze perception.

\"An obese woman and her lover, a dwarf, are sick of being stared at wherever they go and so decide to reverse roles. The man goes out wearing make-up and the woman draws a moustache on her face. Intertwined with their story are entries from the mythological Dictionary of Gazes, and tales of a bizarre freak-show in Istanbul in the 1880s.\"-- Provided by publisher.

This study examines how tourists gaze and experience rural destinations, and how this shapes their satisfaction and recommendations. Grounded in Urry's Tourist Gaze theory, we extend the concept to rural contexts by developing a \"Rural Gaze Framework\" that integrates visual, nonvisual, and other elements of rurality. Using Mawlynnong village in India as a case study, we applied a mixed-method netnographic approach, combining sentiment analysis and topic modeling in R with qualitative thematic coding in ATLAS.ti of TripAdvisor reviews. Analysis shows that tourist gaze is shaped by a combination of visual elements (sight-based gaze), nonvisual elements (other senses), shared or relational elements (people and interaction-based gaze), and critical or evaluative (judgment-oriented gaze). Over time, the rise of themes such as \"overhyped,\" \"loss of authenticity,\" and \"overcrowding\" reflects a shift in the perceived gaze, coinciding with a decline in positive sentiment. The study contributes theoretically by adapting the tourist gaze to encompass rural tourism's multisensory, performative, and negotiated dimensions, linking these to measurable sentiment and behavioral outcomes. Practically, the findings offer guidance for destination managers and policymakers to preserve rural authenticity, manage commercialization, and design sustainable tourism strategies that align with both tourist expectations, community well-being, and sustainable development.

Purpose The tourist gaze remains a key concept in tourism research. The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the theoretical and empirical development of the tourist gaze notion and its contributions to tourism knowledge, identifying potential research directions by reviewing and analyzing articles that have defined, refined and applied the concept of the tourist gaze. Design/methodology/approach The study identified 109 relevant research papers primarily through the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net and Academia.edu were used to capturing additional work not indexed in the key databases. Qualitative content analysis was used to map the evolution of the concept, distinguish between different perspectives and identify gaps in the tourist gaze literature. Findings This “state of the art” paper on tourist gaze outlines Foucault’s original work on gaze and power, which underpins subsequent theorization within tourism. The study identifies how the tourist gaze operates in different contexts and circumstances allowing the development of gaze theory. Importantly, the evolution of the gaze theory is presented after analyzing the knowledge gaps, the contexts in which it was used, the methodologies with which it was applied. Based on the findings, the study proposes future works of gaze with the use of technology, science, nature and social media. Originality/value This paper is among one of the first states of the art papers in tourism literature that comprehensively analyzes the works on the tourist gaze, tracing its evolution and identifying future research directions to address gaps in existing knowledge. 旅游凝视与超越：基于当前研究状况的分析 目的 旅游凝视仍然是当今旅游研究中的关键概念之一。本文的主要目的是理解旅游凝视的理论与实践及其对旅游知识的的贡献, 通过回顾性分析识别其潜在的研究方向。 设计/方法/实现 该研究主要通过Web of Science和Scopus数据库检索确定的109篇相关研究论文进行分析。为了保证研究的完整性分析, 本文也使用了Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net和Academia.edu检索了有关旅游凝视的研究成果并补充到分析数据库中。本文采用了定性的内容分析法用于分析旅游凝视概念的演化、区别不同的观点, 并识别旅游凝视文献的不足之处。 结果 研究总结了福柯关于凝视与权力的原创性研究, 强调他的相关工作为随后的旅游研究的理论化奠定了基础。本文识别了该理论在不同的旅游情景和环境下所产生的影响。特别是基于知识的鸿沟与不足, 分析了旅游凝视理论的演化过程、研究内容针对性以及所涉及方法论的应用。基于本文的结论, 本文提出了未来旅游凝视理论在技术、科学、自然与社会媒体方面的研究方向。 独创性/价值 本文是全面分析旅游凝视学术成果、追溯其演变、确定其未来研究方向, 并弥补现有相关知识不足的一篇重要的综述性论文。 Una mirada al turista y más allá: Estado del arte Propósito la mirada del turista sigue siendo un concepto clave en la investigación sobre el turismo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender el desarrollo teórico y empírico de la noción de mirada turística y sus aportes al conocimiento del turismo, identificando posibles direcciones de investigación a través de la revisión y análisis de artículos que han definido, afinado y aplicado el concepto de mirada turística. Diseño/metodología/enfoque El estudio identificó 109 artículos de investigación relevantes principalmente a través de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus. Se utilizaron Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net y Academia.edu para capturar trabajo adicional no indexado en las bases de datos. El análisis de contenido cualitativo se utilizó para mapear la evolución del concepto, distinguir entre diferentes perspectivas e identificar brechas en la literatura sobre la mirada turística. Hallazgos El estudio del \"estado del arte\" sobre la mirada de los turistas, describe el trabajo original de Foucault sobre la mirada y el poder, que sustenta la teorización posterior en el turismo. El estudio identifica cómo opera la mirada del turista en diferentes contextos y circunstancias, permitiendo el desarrollo de la teoría de “la mirada”. Es importante destacar que la evolución del concepto de mirada se presenta luego de analizar las brechas de conocimiento, los contextos en los que se utilizó, las metodologías con las que se aplicó. Con base en los hallazgos encontrados, el estudio propone futuros trabajos “de mirada” con el uso de la tecnología, la ciencia, la naturaleza y las redes sociales. Originalidad/valor Este artículo es uno de los primeros trabajos de revisión de la literatura sobre el turismo que analiza de manera integral los trabajos sobre la mirada del turista, rastreando su evolución e identificando futuras direcciones de investigación para abordar las brechas en el conocimiento existente.