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Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) such as hybrid electric vehicles make use of sensing technologies to improve mobility, safety and efficiency. Automated manual transmission (AMT) is a mechatronic device consisting of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensors and actuators responsible for automatic gear shifting in hybrid electric vehicles. Any failure in these sensors or actuators can affect the normal operation of vehicles. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the characteristics of AMT when it breaks down and its impact on the whole hybrid electric vehicle system. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the relevant overview of hybrid electric vehicles and AMT. Next, analytical redundancy analysis is used to find out the possible faults of each part of AMT and the causes of each fault. The normal and faulty signals are then passed to a reduced depth kernel extreme learning machine (RDK-ELM) algorithm, which combines the deep learning network structure with the kernel-based selection of support vectors from the training samples. The RDK-ELM is a fault diagnosis algorithm that classifies the normal and faulty signals, which represent whether the sensor is faulty or not. Simulation results show that the algorithm has high classification accuracy of 97.12% and it requires less time for training the model.

The main purposes of a gear shift bracket for manual transmission are to hold the gear shift cables and acts as pivot during the gear shifting process. During the gear shifting process, the bracket experiences push and pull reciprocating forces which applied by the driver while selecting or shifting gears. This study presents the development of a simulation model to analyze the mechanical performance of a specific manual transmission gearshift bracket. Based on the simulation results, an optimized bracket design was proposed. Commercial CAD software and Finite Element (FE) Method software were used to perform the simulation. Boundary and initial conditions were applied to the FE model which was based on the real-life mechanical movement of the bracket during gear shifting process. The boundary and initial conditions included fixed position, displacement and both select and shifting loads by following actual test requirements which replicated the movement of the actual model during gear shifting process. Specific mechanical ratio formula was used to obtain the magnitude of loads that was experienced by the gear shift bracket in both select and shifting gears action. The simulation of the gearshift bracket provided outcome parameters such as total deformation, maximum stress and safety factor value. Based on the safety factor value, the model was eligible for topology optimization process and it was modified to gain the optimized model. Then, the same simulation setup was used for the optimized model. The modified design bracket was able to provide a 7% reduction in mass, a 25.15% increase in maximum deformation, a 46,78% increase in maximum stress and, a 36.74% decrease in safety factor value by comparing it to the original model. Although the modified model has lower strength, but its safety factor value is still within the minimum requirements. This concludes that the simulation model allows the manufacturer to undertake design iteration and analyze its performance without producing any physical prototypes and conduct any actual test, thus saving development cost and time.

Since its introduction in 2019, African swine fever (ASF) has spread to all regions of the Philippines, affecting 73 out of its 82 provinces. To assess the environmental DNA (eDNA) contamination patterns of the ASF virus (ASFV) in swine transport vehicles and evaluate its measures of association, a total of 450 environmental swabs from 30 transportation vehicles were tested using qPCR. Five out of 30 vehicles (16.67%) tested positive in at least one of the following areas: cargo area or sidecar walls (6.67%), cargo area or sidecar floors (6.67%), hauling personnel's hands (6.67%), steering wheel or handlebars (3.33%), gear shift levers (3.33%), floor mats or footpegs (3.33%), dashboards (3.33%), door handles or sidecar gate bolts (3.33%), tyres/wheels (3.33%), fenders (3.33%), and hauling personnel's footwear (3.33%). All investigated risk factors were analysed and were found to be insignificant, including the frequency of swine transportation, frequency of cleaning, cleaning materials used, disinfection practices, the number of pigs transported, and whether hauliers owned pigs ( > 0.05). This study illuminates the environmental contamination patterns of ASFV in swine transport vehicles, underscoring the need for targeted biosecurity protocols and more effective vehicle disinfection systems to reduce the risk of ASF disease transmission.

The article describes the arrangement, principle of operation and kinematic analysis of a ten-link gear-lever differential transmission mechanism with a parallelogram lever contour for roller machines with different diameters of the working shafts. The purpose of the kinematic analysis of the transmission mechanism is to determine the velocities and accelerations of the mechanism links, the gear ratio of the mechanism, and to show the constancy of the gear ratio of the transmission mechanism when the center distance of the driving and driven tooth gears changes. An important condition for the normal operation of roller machines with different diameters of the working shafts is the coincidence of the gear ratio of the working shafts and the gear ratio of the transmission mechanism between these shafts. Initially, the kinematics of the mechanism was performed using the analytical method. In the analytical study of the mechanism, the centroid method was used. Dependencies for determining the kinematic parameters of the ten-link gear-lever transmission mechanism are derived. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are shown. Further, to compare the results of the study, the kinematics of the mechanism is performed by the graphic-analytical method. The method developed by the authors was used in the graphic-analytical study.

The article describes the areas of application of roller machines, trends in the development of their designs, research work on the modernization and creation of new roller machines. Special attention given to the roller machines with a variable center distance of the working shafts. The descriptions of the gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms created by authors are given. In particular, the correct applications of the created mechanisms in roller machines of six types are shown; they are 1. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along the line, passing through the center of the axes of rotation of both working shafts; 2. Both working shafts have the ability to rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically along a line passing through the same axes of rotation relative to each other; 3. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along an arc with a certain radius of curvature; 4. Both working shafts can rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically relative to each other along an arc with some symmetrical centers of rotation; 5. One of the working shafts has the ability to rotate around its own axis, and the second working shaft, in addition to rotation around its own axis, moves relative to the first working shaft along a complex trajectory; 6. Both working shafts can rotate around their own axes and move symmetrically relative to each other along a complex trajectory.

A type of automated manual transmission gearshift system that uses two linear actuators to perform gearshift events is presented. The shifting mechanism can be made simpler by using linear actuator to drive the shift fork directly. The mathematical model of the actuator is built and analyzed. Coordinated control of the engagement and disengagement processes is created based on a detailed analysis of the gearshift process in order to shorten the shift time. The force characteristics test reveals the nonlinear output characteristics. The precise displacement control need for coordinated control and stable control requirement for the shifting operation are satisfied by a linear extended state observer based controller. To verify the novel gearshift system and the control method, a test bench and control system are constructed. The results of the simulations indicate that the displacement control's accuracy is enhanced. As the speed difference reaches 500 r/min, the testing results demonstrate a noticeably reduced of shift force fluctuation and jerk generated during the gearshift process, from 20 m/s 3 to 3.1 m/s 3 . With the improved gearshift system and control method, the gearshift coordinated control can also save 25 ms of shift time.

The possibilities of using gear-lever mechanisms in modern mechanical engineering are described on the example of three mechanisms from different areas of industry. For practical application, a method of structural and kinematic analysis of gear-lever mechanisms is proposed, implemented using the program module developed by the authors, and an algorithm for kinematic calculation of a gear-lever three-wheeled articulated four-link, as the most common and used in mechanical engineering, is given.

Gear shifting strategy is the key for the successful working of an automated manual transmission (AMT) as it affects the driving experience, fuel economy and dynamic performance of the vehicle. Depending upon the driver’s requirement, AMT can be designed for maximum acceleration performance and fuel efficiency. This project involves generation of gear shift schedule for both the maximum acceleration and fuel economy performance. To generate the gear shift schedule, a mathematical model is developed in MATLAB environment which takes input parameters as: vehicle speed, acceleration and throttle position. For generation of gear upshift schedule for maximum acceleration and fuel economy equation relating acceleration with tractive forces and vehicle’s fuel consumption equation at different throttle position is used respectively. Fuel consumption equation relates to brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) along with vehicle structure. In order to obtain BSFC data, a GT-SUITE model of motorcycle is developed which incorporates data like gear ratio, power, torque and motorcycle weight. Finally, a buffer zone is applied to generated upshift schedule for both maximum acceleration and fuel economy case to get the downshift schedule. The generated gear shift schedule can be utilized for the development of the retrofit AMT kit on manual transmission motorcycle.

A comparative analysis of the kinematics of two gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms is given in this paper. These mechanisms can be used in engineering and agricultural technological roller machines and can solve important technological and agrotechnical problems. The purpose of comparative analysis of gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms is to determine the values and the patterns of gear ratios of the mechanisms with similar geometrical and kinematic parameters; to estimate the additional angular velocities of the driven gear rings of the considered mechanisms depending on geometrical parameters of the mechanisms and kinematic parameters of the driven gear ring, since this additional angular velocitycan lead to geometrical slip between the material being processed and the working rolls. The devices and theoperation principle of the considered mechanisms were described in the paper.First, the levercircuits of the mechanisms were considered. In the lever circuits of the mechanisms, the geometrical parameters of the levers, the position of the lever circuits, as well as the rate and direction of the driving links velocity are known. The kinematic parameters of the lever circuits of the mechanisms were determinedanalytically.Further, using the results of the lever circuits of these mechanisms, the gear circuits of the mechanisms were also investigated analytically. The centroid method was usedin analytical study of the mechanism.The graphs of changes in gear ratios of the mechanisms were plotteddepending on changes in the interaxle distance of the driving and driven links. It was proved that in both gear-lever differential mechanisms under consideration the gear ratio changes with a change in the interaxle distance of the driving and driven links. However, the magnitude of the change in the gear ratio in a gear-lever differential transmission mechanism with a six-link double-circuit lever chain is less than in a gear-lever differential transmission mechanism with a four-link lever chain under the same geometrical and kinematic parameters of the mechanisms.

In automotive manual transmission gearboxes, the synchronizer rings play a vital role in gear shift operations. The efficiency of the synchronizer ring depends upon the frictional surface geometry. The critical parameter is the synchronizer ring frictional surface circularity. The circularity deviation causes higher synchronizer ring wear and poor cone torque generation. With the current manufacturing methods and the thickness of the synchronizer ring, circularity improvement is a challenge. The synchronizer ring thread turned part is lapped to improve the circularity. Reduction in circularity can be improved by optimizing the lapping operation. In this work, an optimal lapping condition was developed using statistical methods. Taguchi DOE was used to analyze the different parameter combinations along with the noise parameter – different ranges of circularity variation in turning operation. This helps to find the best lapping parameter settings to improve the reduction in circularity. This proposed lapping parameter setting was also confirmed for the circularity improvement by means of process capability comparison with existing settings. With the proposed lapping process, the circularity improvement is achieved without affecting the manufacturing time and cost.