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"Gemeinwohl"
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RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR
We find using laboratory experiments that primes that make religion salient cause subjects to identify more with their religion and affect their economic choices. The effect on choices varies by religion. For example, priming causes Protestants to increase contributions to public goods, whereas Catholics decrease contributions to public goods, expect others to contribute less to public goods, and become less risk averse. A simple model implies that priming effects reveal the sign of the marginal impact of religious norms on preferences. We find no evidence of religious priming effects on disutility of work effort, discount rates, or dictator game generosity.
Journal Article
Commons Organizing: Embedding Common Good and Institutions for Collective Action. Insights from Ethics and Economics
In recent years, business ethics and economic scholars have been paying greater attention to the development of commons organizing. The latter refers to the processes by which communities of people work in common in the pursuit of the common good. In turn, this promotes commons organizational designs based on collective forms of common goods production, distribution, management and ownership. In this paper, we build on two main literature streams: (1) the ethical approach based on the theory of the common good of the firm in virtue ethics and (2) the economic approach based on the theory of institutions for collective action developed by Ostrom's research on common-pool resources to avert the tragedy of the commons. The latter expands to include the novel concepts of new commons, \"commoning\" and polycentric governance. Drawing on the analysis of what is new in these forms of organizing, we propose a comprehensive model, highlighting the integration of two sets of organizing principles—common good and collective action - and five problem-solving processes to explain the main dimensions of commons organizing. We contribute to business ethics literature by exploring the convergence between the ethical and economic approaches in the development of a commons organizing view.
Journal Article
The Common Good of the Firm and Humanistic Management: Conscious Capitalism and Economy of Communion
Businesses have long been admonished for being unduly focused on the pursuit of profit. However, there are some organizations whose purpose is not exclusively economic to the extent that they seek to constitute common good. Building on Christian ethics as a starting point, our article shows how the pursuit of the common good of the firm can serve as a guide for humanistic management. It provides two principles that humanistic management can attempt to implement: first, that community good is a condition for the realization of personal good, and second, that community good can only be promoted if it is oriented towards personal good. To better understand which community good can favor personal good and how it can be achieved, we examine two recent humanistic movements—Conscious Capitalism and Economy of Communion—that strive to participate in the common good. From the analysis of these two movements, we identify a shared managerial willingness to adopt the two principles. Moreover, we also reveal that Conscious Capitalism and Economy of Communion present different ways of linking community good and personal good, and therefore, different means exist for firms to participate in the common good.
Journal Article
Money and the Commons: An Investigation of Complementary Currencies and Their Ethical Implications
The commons is a concept increasingly used with the promise of creating new collective wealth. In the aftermath of the economic and financial crises, finance and money have been criticized and redesigned to serve the collective interest. In this article, we analyze three types of complementary currency (CC) systems: community currencies, inter-enterprise currencies, and cryptocurrencies. We investigate whether these systems can be considered as commons. To address this question, we use two main theoretical frameworks that are usually separate: the \"new commons\" in organization studies and the \"common good\" in business ethics. Our findings show that these monetary systems and organizations may be considered as commons under the \"common good\" framework since they promote the common interest by creating new communities. Nevertheless, according to the \"new commons\" framework, only systems relying on collective action and self-management can be said to form commons. This allows us to suggest two new categories of commons: the \"social commons,\" which fit into both the \"new commons\" and the \"common good\" frameworks, and the \"commercial commons,\" which fit the \"common good\" but not the \"new commons\" framework. This research advances a new conceptualization of the commons and of the ethical implications of CCs.
Journal Article
Virtuousness and the Common Good as a Conceptual Framework for Harmonizing the Goals of the Individual, Organizations, and the Economy
Despite the expansion of the regulatory state, we continue to witness widespread unethical practices across society. This paper addresses these challenges of ethical failure, misalignment, and dissonance by developing a conceptual framework that provides an explicit basis for understanding virtuousness and the common good directed toward the goal of eudaimonia or human flourishing. While much of the literature on virtuousness has focused on the organization, this paper uses a more comprehensive understanding that also incorporates the agent and the economy examined through their relational order. The common good provides direction for guiding behavior of all the various stakeholders and the context for understanding virtuousness, while it is through virtuousness that the common good is effectively realized. Virtuousness and the common good are therefore in effect 'two sides of the same coin.' This paper develops a virtuousness–common good conceptual framework which explores the basis for harmonizing the goals of the individual, organization, and the economy.
Journal Article
The Interdependence of Private and Public Interests
The predominant focus in research on organizations is on private or public institutions without consistent consideration of their interdependencies. The emphasis in scholarship on private or public interests has strengthened as disciplinary and professional knowledge has deepened: Management scholars, for example, tend to consider the corporation as the unit of analysis, whereas scholars of public policy often analyze governmental, multilateral, community, and nonprofit organizations. This article advocates a partial merging of these research agendas on the grounds that private and public interests cannot be fully understood if they are conceived independently. We review three major areas of activity today in which public and private interests interact in complex ways and maintain that current theories of organization science can be deployed to understand these interactions better. We also suggest that theories of public-private interaction require development and describe a concept called global sustainable value creation, which may be used to identify organizational and institutional configurations and strategies conducive to worldwide, intertemporal efficiency and value creation. We conclude that scholarship on organizations would advance if private-public interactions were evaluated by the criterion of global sustainable value creation, and we identify organizational research opportunities that jointly consider public and private interests.
Journal Article
Wirkung wissenschaftlich analysieren: Methoden zur Evaluation sozialer Innovationen und gemeinwohlorientierter Organisationen
Evaluationen untersuchen den Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Maßnahmen, Aktivitäten und Programmen. Sie bewerten die Effekte der jeweiligen Interventionen auf Zielgruppen oder die Gesellschaft allgemein und verwenden dabei methodische Ansätze wie Wirkungsmodelle, Indikatoren sowie qualitative und quantitative Analysemethoden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über eine Auswahl verschiedener Ansätze und Analysemethoden, die in der Forschung und Politikberatung zum Einsatz kommen, und zeigt auf, wie sich einige dieser Methoden auch auf den weiteren sozialen Bereich übertragen lassen – teilweise geschieht dies bereits. Dabei ist es wichtig, die Realität gemeinwohlorientierter Initiativen und Organisationen im Blick zu behalten. Es ist klar, dass es nicht die eine perfekte Methode für alle Gegebenheiten und Organisationen gibt. Vielmehr geht es darum, den passenden Ansatz zu finden, der sowohl den Möglichkeiten der Organisation als auch der Komplexität ihrer Arbeit gerecht wird. Das Ziel ist es, Orientierung zu bieten und aufzuzeigen, wie Wirkungsanalysen und Evaluationen für soziale Innovationen und gemeinwohlorientierte Organisationen sinnvoll und mit angemessenem Aufwand gestaltet werden können.
Journal Article
Christian Ethics and Spirituality in Leading Business Organizations: Editorial Introduction
Christian ethics applied to economics and business has a long tradition. This dates back at least to the thirteenth century, with noteworthy developments in the four following centuries and again in the last century. Christian faith and reason intertwine to bring about principles, criteria, and guidelines for action and a set of virtues with relevance for economic activity. Christian spirituality, with 2000 years of history, has been embedded in Christianity from its beginning, but the application to modern business activity is relatively recent. This article introduces a special issue which, we hope, will make its own small contribution to the developments of both Christian ethics and spirituality in the leading business organizations. After a short historical overview and a consideration of the current situation of Christian ethics and spirituality in business, we introduce the papers selected for this issue.
Journal Article
Beyond Engagement and Participation: User and Community Coproduction of Public Services
In recent years, there has been a radical reinterpretation of the role of policy making and service delivery in the public domain. Policy making is no longer seen as a purely top-down process but rather as a negotiation among many interacting policy systems. Similarly, services are no longer simply delivered by professional and managerial staff in public agencies but are coproduced by users and their communities. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the emerging role of user and community coproduction and presents several case studies that illustrate how different forms of coproduction have played out in practice. Traditional conceptions of service planning and management are now outdated and need to be revised to account for coproduction as an integrating mechanism and an incentive for resource mobilization-a potential that is still greatly underestimated. However, coproduction in the context of multipurpose, multistakeholder networks raises important public governance issues that have implications for public services reform.
Journal Article