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Green Chemistry : advances in alternative energy
The continued greening of the energy sector, with inroads being made through numerous sources of materials that can produce energy, is the main focus of this, Green Chemical Processing, Volume 8. It includes contributions from area experts in widely different fields, all involved in energy production, and makes connections to the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry.
Book
Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome
The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.
Journal Article
Molecules that amaze us
\"The world is composed of molecules. Some are synthetic while many others are products of nature. Molecules That Amaze Us presents the stories behind many of the most famous and infamous molecules that make up our modern world. Examples include the molecule responsible for the spicy heat in chilies (capsaicin), the world's first synthetic painkiller (aspirin), the pigment responsible for the color of autumn leaves (carotene), the explosive in dynamite (nitroglycerine), the antimalarial drug (quinine), the drug known as \"speed\" (methamphetamine), and many others. Other molecules discussed include caffeine, adrenaline, cholesterol, cocaine, digitalis, dopamine, glucose, insulin, methane, nicotine, oxytocin, penicillin, carbon dioxide, limonene, and testosterone. In all, the book includes 67 sections, each describing a different molecule, what it does, how it is made, and why it is so interesting.Written by experts in the field, the book is accessible and easy to read. It includes amusing anecdotes, historical curiosities, and entertaining facts about each molecule, thereby balancing educational content with entertainment. The book is heavily illustrated with relevant photographs, images, and cartoons--the aim being both to educate and entertain. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A comparative genomics study of 23 Aspergillus species from section Flavi
Section Flavi encompasses both harmful and beneficial Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus oryzae, used in food fermentation and enzyme production, and Aspergillus flavus, food spoiler and mycotoxin producer. Here, we sequence 19 genomes spanning section Flavi and compare 31 fungal genomes including 23 Flavi species. We reassess their phylogenetic relationships and show that the closest relative of A. oryzae is not A. flavus, but A. minisclerotigenes or A. aflatoxiformans and identify high genome diversity, especially in sub-telomeric regions. We predict abundant CAZymes (598 per species) and prolific secondary metabolite gene clusters (73 per species) in section Flavi. However, the observed phenotypes (growth characteristics, polysaccharide degradation) do not necessarily correlate with inferences made from the predicted CAZyme content. Our work, including genomic analyses, phenotypic assays, and identification of secondary metabolites, highlights the genetic and metabolic diversity within section Flavi.
Journal Article
Biochemistry : a very short introduction
All living things are composed of cells, which have fundamentally the same chemistry. Biochemistry is the study of reactions within these cells, and the molecules that are created, manipulated, and destroyed as a result of them. This book discusses the key concepts of biochemistry, as well as the recent discoveries and innovations in the field.-- publisher's description.
Book
Fast and pervasive diagenetic isotope exchange in foraminifera tests is species-dependent
Oxygen isotope compositions of fossil foraminifera tests are commonly used proxies for ocean paleotemperatures, with reconstructions spanning the last 112 million years. However, the isotopic composition of these calcitic tests can be substantially altered during diagenesis without discernible textural changes. Here, we investigate fluid-mediated isotopic exchange in pristine tests of three modern benthic foraminifera species (
Ammonia sp
.,
Haynesina germanica
, and
Amphistegina lessonii
) following immersion into an
18
O-enriched artificial seawater at 90 °C for hours to days. Reacted tests remain texturally pristine but their bulk oxygen isotope compositions reveal rapid and species-dependent isotopic exchange with the water. NanoSIMS imaging reveals the 3-dimensional intra-test distributions of
18
O-enrichment that correlates with test ultra-structure and associated organic matter. Image analysis is used to quantify species level differences in test ultrastructure, which explains the observed species-dependent rates of isotopic exchange. Consequently, even tests considered texturally pristine for paleo-climatic reconstruction purposes may have experienced substantial isotopic exchange; critical paleo-temperature record re-examination is warranted.
Paleoclimate reconstructions commonly use oxygen isotope compositions from fossil foraminifera tests as proxies. Here, the authors show that these tests exchange O-isotopes with surrounding fluids, with implications for paleotemperature records.
Journal Article
In situ spectroscopy-guided engineering of rhodium single-atom catalysts for CO oxidation
Single-atom catalysts have recently been applied in many applications such as CO oxidation. Experimental in situ investigations into this reaction, however, are limited. Hereby, we present a suite of operando/in situ spectroscopic experiments for structurally well-defined atomically dispersed Rh on phosphotungstic acid during CO oxidation. The identification of several key intermediates and the steady-state catalyst structure indicate that the reactions follow an unconventional Mars-van Krevelen mechanism and that the activation of O
2
is rate-limiting. In situ XPS confirms the contribution of the heteropoly acid support while in situ DRIFT spectroscopy consolidates the oxidation state and CO adsorption of Rh. As such, direct observation of three key components, i.e., metal center, support and substrate, is achieved, providing a clearer picture on CO oxidation on atomically dispersed Rh sites. The obtained information are used to engineer structurally similar catalysts that exhibit T
20
values up to 130 °C below the previously reported Rh
1
/NPTA.
Single-atom catalysts have been studied for CO oxidation, but experimental in situ investigations are limited. Here, the authors use a suite of in situ/operando spectroscopy to identify key intermediates and define design principles to enhance the CO oxidation activity of atomically dispersed Rh on heteropoly acids.
Journal Article
Chemistry of sustainable energy
\"Meeting global energy demand in a sustainable fashion will require not only increased energy efficiency and new methods of using existing carbon-based fuels but also a daunting amount of new carbon-neutral energy. Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera Henry Dreyfus Professor of Energy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Lewis and Nocera 2006) The image on the cover is that of the solar-powered airplane Solar Impulse high over Belgium in 2011. The goal of Solar Impulse is grand: to fly both night and day relying solely upon solar energy. More broadly, however, Solar Impulse is meant to inspire: it is an innovation that has risen to a technological challenge to demonstrate that clean and sustainable energy can be achieved. It is an inspiration that is much needed when the impacts of global climate change are all around us. Based on the globally averaged temperature, 2012 was the tenth-warmest year since record-keeping began in 1880, and 2001-2012 rank among the 14 warmest years in this 133-year period. In the United States, 2012 was the warmest on record for the contiguous states and one of the most extreme with respect to temperature, precipitation, and tropical cyclones; 2013 promises to continue with respect to extreme weather events (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2012). Where is this climate change coming from? Overwhelming evidence points to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases--particularly carbon dioxide--in our atmosphere, a result of our insatiable consumption of fossil fuels (Bernstein et al. 2008). While writing this text, the alarming milestone of 400 ppm atmospheric CO2 was surpassed--an ominous harbinger of climate change to come\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Quantifying arousal and awareness in altered states of consciousness using interpretable deep learning
Consciousness can be defined by two components: arousal (wakefulness) and awareness (subjective experience). However, neurophysiological consciousness metrics able to disentangle between these components have not been reported. Here, we propose an explainable consciousness indicator (ECI) using deep learning to disentangle the components of consciousness. We employ electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation under various conditions, including sleep (
n
= 6), general anesthesia (
n
= 16), and severe brain injury (
n
= 34). We also test our framework using resting-state EEG under general anesthesia (
n
= 15) and severe brain injury (
n
= 34). ECI simultaneously quantifies arousal and awareness under physiological, pharmacological, and pathological conditions. Particularly, ketamine-induced anesthesia and rapid eye movement sleep with low arousal and high awareness are clearly distinguished from other states. In addition, parietal regions appear most relevant for quantifying arousal and awareness. This indicator provides insights into the neural correlates of altered states of consciousness.
The authors propose an explainable consciousness indicator using deep learning to quantify arousal and awareness under sleep, anesthesia, and in patients with disorders of consciousness.
Journal Article