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Play, playfulness, creativity and innovation
\"What role does playful behaviour and playful thought take in animal and human development? How does play relate to creativity and, in turn, to innovation? Unravelling the different meanings of 'play', this book focuses on non-aggressive playful play. The authors emphasise its significance for development and evolution, before examining the importance of playfulness in creativity. This discussion sheds new light on the links between creativity and innovation, distinguishing between the generation of novel behaviour and ideas on the one hand, and the implementation of these novelties on the other. The authors then turn to the role of play in the development of the child and to parallels between play, humour and dreaming, along with the altered states of consciousness generated by some psychoactive drugs. A final chapter looks forward to future research and to what remains to be discovered in this fascinating and important field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Perioperative lung ultrasonography in healthy horses undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery
Background
Lung ultrasound (LUS) is poorly evaluated in horses, especially perioperatively.
Objectives
(1) Describe LUS findings in healthy horses before and after general anesthesia (GA), (2) evaluate if GA induces ultrasonographic changes in healthy horses, (3) suggest a LUS scoring system, (4) identify horse variables that are associated to LUS changes after anesthesia.
Animals
Twenty‐five healthy adult horses undergoing elective surgery.
Methods
Prospective hypothesis‐driven observational study. LUS findings were recorded before anesthesia, 5 minutes in recovery, 15 minutes, 2H, 3H, 4H, 6H, and 24H after anesthesia in 8 lung regions. Clinical data were collected perioperatively.
Results
There was a significant increase in amount of I‐lines (10.8 ± 8.7 vs 15.28 ± 8.19), B‐lines (3.2 ± 3.5 vs 8.72 ± 4.86), and coalescent B‐lines (0.04 ± 0.2 vs 1.12 ± 1.45) after anesthesia compared to before anesthesia, and a significantly higher LUS score 2H after anesthesia (4.92 ± 8.40) compared to before anesthesia (0.9 ± 1.8; P = .02). The maximal LUS score after anesthesia was correlated to total procedure time (Pearson r = 0.4, P = .05; Spearman r = 0.44, P = .03) and was significantly higher in horses with abnormal cardiorespiratory values during anesthesia (P = .005).
Conclusions
LUS changes can be induced by GA in healthy horses. This study did not investigate if and which LUS findings indicate lesions, however, this information can aid clinicians to identify pulmonary complications after anesthesia.
Journal Article
The whole sky
Twelve-year-old Sky, a horse whisperer like her father, must put her own troubles aside when a devastating sickness strikes the foals at the multimillion dollar horse farms where they work.
Book
That Sheep May Safely Graze
The very mention of Afghanistan conjures images of war, international power politics, the opium trade, and widespread corruption. Yet the untold story of Afghanistan’s seemingly endless misfortune is the disruptive impact that prolonged conflict has had on ordinary rural Afghans, their culture, and the timeless relationship they share with their land and animals. In rural Afghanistan, when animals die, livelihoods are lost, families and communities suffer, and people may perish. That Sheep May Safely Graze details a determined effort, in the midst of war, to bring essential veterinary services to an agrarian society that depends day in and day out on the well-being and productivity of its animals, but which, because of decades of war and the disintegration of civil society, had no reliable access to even the most basic animal health care. The book describes how, in the face of many obstacles, a dedicated group of Afghan and expatriate veterinarians working for a small nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Kabul was able to create a national network of over 400 veterinary field units staffed by over 600 veterinary paraprofessionals. These paravets were selected by their own communities and then trained and outfitted by the NGO so that nearly every district in the country that needed basic veterinary services now has reliable access to such services. Most notably, over a decade after its inception and with Afghanistan still in free fall, this private sector, district-based animal health program remains vitally active. The community-based veterinary paraprofessionals continue to provide quality services to farmers and herders, protecting their animals from the ravages of disease and improving their livelihoods, despite the political upheavals and instability that continue to plague the country. The elements contributing to this sustainability and their application to programs for improved veterinary service delivery in developing countries beyond Afghanistan are described in the narrative.
eBook
Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C‐reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia
Background
Comparison of clinical findings, chest radiographs (CXR), lung ultrasound (LUS) findings, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at admission and serial follow‐up in dogs with aspiration pneumonia (AP) is lacking.
Hypothesis
Lung ultrasound lesions in dogs with AP are similar to those described in humans with community‐acquired pneumonia (comAP); the severity of CXR and LUS lesions are similar; normalization of CRP concentration precedes resolution of imaging abnormalities and more closely reflects the clinical improvement of dogs.
Animals
Seventeen dogs with AP.
Methods
Prospective observational study. Clinical examination, CXR, LUS, and CRP measurements performed at admission (n = 17), 2 weeks (n = 13), and 1 month after diagnosis (n = 6). All dogs received antimicrobial therapy. Lung ultrasound and CXR canine aspiration scoring systems used to compare abnormalities.
Results
B‐lines and shred signs with or without bronchograms were identified on LUS in 14 of 17 and 16 of 17, at admission. Chest radiographs and LUS scores differed significantly using both canine AP scoring systems at each time point (18 regions per dog, P < .001). Clinical and CRP normalization occurred in all dogs during follow up. Shred signs disappeared on LUS in all but 1 of 6 dogs at 1 month follow‐up, while B‐lines and CXR abnormalities persisted in 4 of 6 and all dogs, respectively.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Lung ultrasound findings resemble those of humans with comAP and differ from CXR findings. Shred signs and high CRP concentrations better reflect clinical findings during serial evaluation of dogs.
Journal Article
Association of gastric lymphofollicular hyperplasia with Helicobacter‐like organisms in dogs
Background
The relationships among gastric lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (GLFH), Helicobacter‐like organisms (HLOs), and clinical signs have not been established in dogs.
Objectives
To evaluate the epidemiologic, clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings associated with GLFH in dogs, and determine the association of GLFH with HLOs and the French Bulldog (FB) breed.
Animals
Two hundred eighty‐eight dogs that underwent gastroscopy between 2013 and 2016.
Methods
Retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Gastric biopsy samples were reviewed and scored for inflammation and HLOs. Dogs were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (63 FBs), group 2 (45 non‐FB brachycephalic dogs), and group 3 (180 nonbrachycephalic dogs). Variables were evaluated for their association with GLFH.
Results
Univariate analysis determined that intact males, young age, vomiting, gastroscopic findings (discoloration, hemorrhage, and ulcers), and histopathologic findings (gastric lamina propria lymphocytic infiltration and HLO score) were associated with GLFH (P ≤ .03). In the multivariate analysis, GLFH was associated with the HLO score (odds ratio [OR] > 5 for HLO scores 1‐2 and >15 for HLO score of 3; P < .001), with vomiting (OR > 4; P = .01) but not with FB breed (P = .76) and age (P = .1). The HLO score was associated with younger age (P < .001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
The HLO score was associated with a high GLFH score. Vomiting was associated with GLFH. Helicobacter‐like organisms are highly prevalent in young dogs and GLFH is indirectly associated with this factor. Clinical relevance of the identification of GLFH and HLO remains to be determined.
Journal Article
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced computed tomography in dogs with nasal tumors
Background
Treatment of nasal tumors in dogs is associated with high morbidity and reliable prognostic factors are lacking. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (DCECT) can be used to assess tumor perfusion.
Objectives
To assess perfusion parameters of nasal tumors (correlating with tumor type) before and during radiotherapy (RT) and find potential correlation with survival.
Animals
Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs with nasal tumors, including 16 epithelial tumors and 8 sarcomas.
Methods
Prospective cross‐sectional study. All dogs had baseline DCECT to assess fractional vascular volume (BV), blood flow (BF), and transit time (TT). Thirteen dogs had repeat DCECT after 12 Gy of megavoltage RT. Survival times were calculated.
Results
Median BV was 17.83 mL/100 g (range, 3.63‐66.02), median BF was 122.63 mL/100 g/minute (range, 23.65‐279.99), and median TT was 8.91 seconds (range, 4.57‐14.23). Sarcomas had a significantly lower BF than adenocarcinomas (P = .002), carcinomas (P = .01), and other carcinomas (P = .001), and significantly lower BV than adenocarcinomas (P = .03) and other carcinomas (P = .004). Significant associations were found between epithelial tumors and sarcoma for change in tumor volume (P = .01), width (P = .004), and length (P = .02) in that epithelial tumors decreased in volume whereas sarcomas increased in volume. Perfusion parameters were not correlated with survival.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Nasal sarcomas have lower BV and BF than nasal carcinomas, and sarcomas have a lower size reduction than carcinomas early on during RT. Baseline results and changes in perfusion parameters may not be correlated with survival.
Journal Article
Serum amyloid A as a marker to detect sepsis and predict outcome in hospitalized neonatal foals
Background
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been reported to hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic marker in foals. This has not been investigated thoroughly.
Objectives
Evaluate admission SAA concentrations as predictor of sepsis and outcome.
Animals
Five hundred and ninety hospitalized foals <14 days old.
Methods
Retrospective multicenter study. Foals were scored with sepsis and survival scores, grouped according to health category (septic, sick but nonseptic, uncertain sepsis status) and outcome; septic foals were further categorized according to severity (normal sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock). SAA was compared between groups using Mann‐Whitney test and Kruskal‐Wallis test. Receiver operating characteristic curves identified optimal SAA cut off values for detecting sepsis and predicting outcome.
Results
Admission SAA concentrations differed significantly between sick nonseptic foals (312.1 ± 685.4 mg/L) and septic foals (1079.7 ± 1254.5 mg/L) and increased with increasing sepsis score. SAA did not differ between sepsis severity groups. The optimal cut off for sepsis detection was 1050 mg/L (sensitivity 30.2%, specificity 90.7%). Admission SAA concentrations were lower in surviving (435.0 ± 723.6 mg/L) compared to nonsurviving foals (1062.7 ± 1440.1 mg/L) and decreased with increasing survival score. The optimal cut off for nonsurvival prediction was 1250 mg/L (sensitivity 22.1%, specificity 90.8%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
SAA concentration was higher in septic foals and nonsurviving foals. Even though optimal cut offs for SAA to detect sepsis and predict outcome had low sensitivity, they had good specificity. SAA can therefore be used as a marker to rule out sepsis and nonsurvival.
Journal Article
Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs
Background
Salivary bile acids are used to diagnose extraesophageal reflux (EER) and to evaluate the risk of reflux aspiration that is associated with respiratory diseases in dogs.
Objectives
To study total bile acid (TBA) concentrations in saliva and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) to investigate EER and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs.
Animals
Thirty‐one West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 12 dogs with inflammatory airway disease (IAD), 6 dogs with recurrent pneumonia (RP), 26 brachycephalic dogs (BD), 27 healthy WHWTs (HW), 52 healthy dogs (HD). All privately‐owned dogs.
Methods
Saliva and BALF were collected from dogs in each group.
Results
Salivary TBA concentrations were higher in IPF (median 0.1692 μM, interquartile range [IQR] 0.1115‐0.2925 μM, Cohen's d 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2‐4.0, P < .001) and BD (0.0256 μM, IQR 0.0086‐0.0417 μM, d 0.5, CI −0.1 to 1.1, P = .003) compared to HD (0 μM, IQR not quantifiable [n.q.]‐0.0131 μM). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TBA concentrations were higher in IPF (0.0117 μM, IQR 0.0048‐0.0361 μM, d 0.5, CI 0‐1.1, P < .001) compared to HD (0 μM, IQR n.q.‐0.0074 μM).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration occur in healthy dogs and those with respiratory diseases.
Journal Article