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Close calls : managing risk and resilience in airline flight safety
\"From operating theatres to trading floors, and from oil platforms to airline cockpits, organizations are engaged in a continuous struggle for safety and control. It has become essential for organizations to identify, understand and learn from close calls and 'near-miss' events quickly, before minor errors and failures can enlarge into catastrophic accidents. This book is about the practical work that transforms moments of risk into sources of resilience. It specifically examines the world of airline flight safety investigators, whose job it is to oversee one of the most technologically advanced, one of the safest, but also one of the least forgiving operational environments that exist: commercial air transport. Drawing on extensive first-hand observations and unique access to major airlines, Close Calls presents a compelling and richly detailed account of the challenges faced by these modern risk managers and the innovative strategies they adopt to analyse risk and improve safety. It is a must-read for all those who seek to understand and improve the oversight, analysis and management of risk and safety in complex organizations. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Machine learning-based anomaly detection and prediction in commercial aircraft using autonomous surveillance data
Regarding the transportation of people, commodities, and other items, aeroplanes are an essential need for society. Despite the generally low danger associated with various modes of transportation, some accidents may occur. The creation of a machine learning model employing data from autonomous-reliant surveillance transmissions is essential for the detection and prediction of commercial aircraft accidents. This research included the development of abnormal categorisation models, assessment of data recognition quality, and detection of anomalies. The research methodology consisted of the following steps: formulation of the problem, selection of data and labelling, construction of the model for prediction, installation, and testing. The data tagging technique was based on the requirements set by the Global Aviation Organisation for business jet-engine aircraft, which expert business pilots then validated. The 93% precision demonstrated an excellent match for the most effective prediction model, linear dipole testing. Furthermore, the \"good fit\" of the model was verified by its achieved area-under-the-curve ratios of 0.97 for abnormal identification and 0.96 for daily detection.
Journal Article
Study on the influence of canard setting angle and longitudinal position on the sonic boom of supersonic business jet
The aerodynamic layout design for reducing sonic boom intensity was a crucial technology in the development of supersonic business jets. The canard-wing configuration served as a strategic approach to achieving a low sonic boom for supersonic business jets. In this study, the near-field and far-field sonic boom calculation results of the model, as provided by SBPW2, were compared to verify the accuracy of the adopted sonic boom prediction method. A low-sonic-boom configuration featuring a canard wing was proposed for a supersonic business jet, and a comparative analysis was conducted to examine the effects of varying canard wing setting angles and longitudinal positions on the sonic boom results. The canard wing with a positive setting angle effectively generated multiple weak shock waves, thereby reducing the perceived level in decibels on the ground. Specifically, when the canard wing’s setting angle was 3°, the perceived level in decibels reached a minimum of 84.60 PLdB. Additionally, positioning the canard wing further aft enhanced shock wave interference with the wing’s shock wave system, further mitigating the sonic boom. When the longitudinal position was 14 meters, the ground-level perceived loudness was reduced to a minimum of 84.42 PLdB.
Journal Article
A multidisciplinary design optimization for conceptual design of hybrid-electric aircraft
Aircraft design has become increasingly complex since it depends on technological advances and integration between modern engineering systems. These systems are multidisciplinary, i.e., any process or division of any aircraft design produces effects in all others, making the definition of each parameter a significant challenge. In this context, this work presents a general multidisciplinary design optimization method for the conceptual design of general aviation and hybrid-electric aircraft. The framework uses efficient computational methods comprising modules of engineering that include aerodynamics, flight mechanics, structures, and performance, and the integration of all of them. The aerodynamic package relies on a Nonlinear Vortex Lattice Method solver, while the flight mechanics package is based on an analytical procedure with minimal dependence on historical data. Moreover, the structural module adopts an analytical sizing approach using boom idealization, and the performance of the aircraft is computed based on energy and power required to accomplish a specific mission. The objective functions are to minimize the fuel consumption and to minimize the takeoff weight. The Pareto-optimal front encompasses aircraft with different propulsive architectures: turboelectric, hybrid electric, and fully electric. The degrees of hybridization defined by the optimization and the mission requirements chosen in this study directly affect the final weight breakdown of the aircraft, which is related to the sizing of the wings, propulsive system, and horizontal and vertical tails.
Journal Article
Operational differences lead to longer lifetimes of satellite detectable contrails from more fuel efficient aircraft
Clouds produced by aircraft (known as contrails) contribute over half of the positive radiative forcing from aviation, but the size of this warming effect is highly uncertain. Their radiative effect is highly dependent on the microphysical properties and meteorological background state, varying strongly over the contrail lifecycle. In-situ observations have demonstrated an impact of aircraft and fuel type on contrail properties close to the aircraft, but there are few observational constraints at these longer timescales, despite these having a strong impact in high-resolution and global models. This work provides an observational quantification of these contrail controlling factors, matching air traffic data to satellite observations of contrails to isolate the role of the aircraft type in contrail properties and evolution. Investigating over 64 000 cases, a relationship between aircraft type and contrail formation is observed, with more efficient aircraft forming longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails more frequently, which could lead to a larger climate impact. This increase in contrail formation and lifetime is primarily driven by an increase in flight altitude. Business jets are also found to produce longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails despite their lower fuel flow, as they fly at higher altitudes. The increase in satellite-detected contrails behind more efficient aircraft suggests a trade-off between aircraft greenhouse gas emissions and the aviation climate impact through contrail production, due to differences in aircraft operation.
Journal Article
Emissions from private jets are soaring
The popularity of private aeroplanes, the distance covered by flights and associated greenhouse-gas production are all on the rise.
The popularity of private aeroplanes, the distance covered by flights and associated greenhouse-gas production are all on the rise.
Credit: Joan Valls/Urbanandsport/NurPhoto via Getty
A Gulfstream G550 from a private company lands at Barcelona airport.
Journal Article
A Deep Learning On-Board Health Monitoring Method for Landing Gear Shock-Absorbing Systems
This paper proposed a deep learning on-board health monitoring method for landing gear shock-absorbing systems based on dynamic responses during landing. A deep learning model is developed to conduct health monitoring for faults in shock absorbers. A certain general aviation aircraft is focused on in this paper, and a multi-body dynamic model of the nose landing gear is developed to simulate dynamic responses during landing under various health states and various landing conditions for developing a database for the proposed LDGNet. The simulated database is used to conduct model training and to test the performance of the proposed method. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified.
Journal Article
CLOUD SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN THE TRADES (CSET)
The Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) study was designed to describe and explain the evolution of the boundary layer aerosol, cloud, and thermodynamic structures along trajectories within the North Pacific trade winds. The study centered on seven round trips of the National Science Foundation–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF–NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV) between Sacramento, California, and Kona, Hawaii, between 7 July and 9 August 2015. The CSET observing strategy was to sample aerosol, cloud, and boundary layer properties upwind from the transition zone over the North Pacific and to resample these areas two days later. Global Forecast System forecast trajectories were used to plan the outbound flight to Hawaii with updated forecast trajectories setting the return flight plan two days later. Two key elements of the CSET observing system were the newly developed High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Cloud Radar (HCR) and the high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL). Together they provided unprecedented characterizations of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation structures that were combined with in situ measurements of aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and turbulence properties. The cloud systems sampled included solid stratocumulus infused with smoke from Canadian wildfires, mesoscale cloud–precipitation complexes, and patches of shallow cumuli in very clean environments. Ultraclean layers observed frequently near the top of the boundary layer were often associated with shallow, optically thin, layered veil clouds. The extensive aerosol, cloud, drizzle, and boundary layer sampling made over open areas of the northeast Pacific along 2-day trajectories during CSET will be an invaluable resource for modeling studies of boundary layer cloud system evolution and its governing physical processes.
Journal Article
A Succession of Cloud, Precipitation, Aerosol, and Air Quality Field Experiments in the Coastal Urban Environment
The interactions and feedbacks among clouds, aerosols, pollutants, and the thermodynamic and kinematic environment remains an area of active research with important implications for our understanding of climate, weather and air quality. These linkages are further complicated in coastal and urban environments where local circulations and anthropogenic influences impact each of these components and their interactions. Within this context, fundamental questions regarding the lifecycle of convective clouds, aerosols and pollutants have brought together a diverse, integrated, and interagency collaboration of scientists to collect and analyze measurements, in the Houston, Texas, area, from the summer of 2021 through the summer of 2022, with subsequent modeling studies to address these important research objectives. Herein, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Facility and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program, the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Physical and Dynamic Meteorology Program, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Tropospheric Composition Research and Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences Programs and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) are collaborating on a joint set of field campaigns to study the interactions of cloud, aerosol, and pollutants within the coastal, urban environment. In the Houston area, onshore flow from the Gulf of Mexico and the associated sea breeze circulation generates numerous isolated convective cells, particularly in the summer months, that interact with a variety of urban and industrial emissions.
Journal Article
THE CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF ACTIVE SPECIES IN THE TROPICS (CONTRAST) EXPERIMENT
The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was conducted from Guam (13.5°N, 144.8°E) during January–February 2014. Using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft, the experiment investigated the photochemical environment over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) warm pool, a region of massive deep convection and the major pathway for air to enter the stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. The new observations provide a wealth of information for quantifying the influence of convection on the vertical distributions of active species. The airborne in situ measurements up to 15-km altitude fill a significant gap by characterizing the abundance and altitude variation of a wide suite of trace gases. These measurements, together with observations of dynamical and microphysical parameters, provide significant new data for constraining and evaluating global chemistry–climate models. Measurements include precursor and product gas species of reactive halogen compounds that impact ozone in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. High-accuracy, in situ measurements of ozone obtained during CONTRAST quantify ozone concentration profiles in the upper troposphere, where previous observations from balloonborne ozonesondes were often near or below the limit of detection. CONTRAST was one of the three coordinated experiments to observe the TWP during January–February 2014. Together, CONTRAST, Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX), and Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST), using complementary capabilities of the three aircraft platforms as well as ground-based instrumentation, provide a comprehensive quantification of the regional distribution and vertical structure of natural and pollutant trace gases in the TWP during NH winter, from the oceanic boundary to the lower stratosphere.
Journal Article