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"Generals Indonesia Political activity."
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Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia
When the Indonesian New Order regime fell in 1998, regional politics with strong ethnic content emerged across the country. In West Kalimantan the predominant feature was particularly that of the Dayaks. This surge, however, was not unprecedented. After centuries of occupying a subordinate place in the political and social hierarchy under the nominal rule of the Malay sultanates, Dayaks became involved in an enthusiastic political emancipation movement from 1945. The Dayaks secured the governorship as well as the majority of the regional executive head positions before they were shunned by the New Order regime. This book examines the development of Dayak politics in West Kalimantan from the colonial times until the first decade of the 21st century.
eBook
Defect or defend : military responses to popular protests in authoritarian Asia
Why do certain militaries brutally suppress popular demonstrations, while others support the path to political liberalization by backing mass social movements?
Although social movements and media can help destabilize authoritarian governments, not all social protest is effective or culminates in the toppling of dictatorships. Frequently, the military's response determines the outcome.
In Defect or Defend, Terence Lee uses four case studies from Asia to provide insight into the military's role during the transitional phase of regime change. Lee compares popular uprisings in the Philippines and Indonesia—both of which successfully engaged military support to bring down authoritarian rule—with protest movements in China and Burma which were violently suppressed by military forces.
Lee's theory of \"high personalism\" and power-sharing among the armed forces leadership provides a framework for understanding the critical transitory phases of democratization. He uses this theory to review and assess Eastern Europe's democratization events in 1989, the Colored Revolutions of the early 2000s, and the protests and revolutions unfolding in the Middle East. This book will appeal to students and scholars of comparative politics, Asian studies, security studies, and international relations, as well as defense policymakers.
eBook
An empirical analysis of social media usage, political learning and participation among youth: a comparative study of Indonesia and Pakistan
Youth participation in political matters has gained attention among people around the globe where youth involvement in certain political activities has been witnessed (of public in Indonesia and Pakistan). Keeping in view this scenario, the current study aimed to identify the sway of social media in enhancing youth involvement in political learning, political participation and political efficacy. This quantitative study was conducted through online and offline survey in both countries at the time of general elections. The data was gathered from both countries in systematic manner where the data was collected from Pakistan (General Elections, 2018) firstly and then from Indonesia (National Elections, 2019). A total of four hundred respondents (200 from each country) gave their opinions through structured questionnaires. The results revealed that the youth being considered as millennial has a significant role in contributing to the discourse of politics. The results show that the use of social media facilitates youth to participate in political activities and those activities enhance their knowledge, provide a chance to participate and build the capacity of political efficacy. It is to conclude that youth has actively engaged and use to discuss the political matters on social media to sensitize the public. As such, the role of youth, to some extent, has changed the political situations in both countries.
Journal Article
Challenges in public health and epidemiology research in humanitarian settings: experiences from the field
Background
Humanitarian settings often present unique scientific challenges and conditions that distinguish them from standard research settings. While a number of these challenges are faced in both standard settings and humanitarian settings, factors unique to humanitarian settings such as inaccessibility and time sensitivities further exacerbate the effects of these challenges. This analysis focuses on experiences in post-disaster contexts such as Indonesia and India following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, and Nepal following the 2015 earthquake.
Discussion
Particular issues that we faced in undertaking research in post-disaster settings include challenges with uncharted ethical and cultural considerations, non-standardised administrative methods for record keeping, data sharing and dissemination. While these issues are not unique to post-disaster humanitarian settings, the time-sensitive nature of our work exacerbated the effects of these concerns. Relying on local partners and making quick decisions to tackle issues is imperative for navigating both foreseen and unforeseen challenges. While pre-emptive action to address these concerns is the most efficient means to expedite research protocols, adaptability and contingency planning are key components of practical research implementation in dynamic situations.
Conclusions
Research is not always a priority in humanitarian settings, so innovative methods are necessary to conduct meaningful and situationally appropriate research in these venues. By understanding available resources, local culture, and political considerations and working efficiently and decisively, we can begin to jump hurdles associated with epidemiologic research in humanitarian settings.
Journal Article
Microplastic pollution in Rawa Jombor Reservoir, Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia: accumulation in aquatic fauna, heavy metal interactions, and health risk assessment
The sustainability of the Rawa Jombor Reservoir (RJR) in Indonesia is threatened by microplastic (MP) pollution. This issue requires critical investigation owing to possible detrimental consequences in humans, especially due to the growing concern regarding the adsorption of hazardous compounds by MPs. This study investigated the accumulation and characteristics of MPs in aquatic fauna (zooplankton, benthos, and fish), water samples, and sediments of the RJR, determined their interactions with heavy metals (HMs) (Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb), and assessed their potential risk. The MPs extracted from aquatic fauna were characterized by stereomicroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Their potential risk was assessed from the polymer hazard index (PHI), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PERI), estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), and target cancer risk (TR). MP concentrations were highest in the water near the main inlet (S1) and floating restaurant (S5), and the sediments near the densely populated water hyacinth area (S2). The pattern of MP accumulation in aquatic fauna, except the benthos, was similar to that of the MP concentrations in water. The MPs adsorbed high concentrations of HMs on their surface. MP concentrations in aquatic fauna increased through the food chains, indicating possible biomagnification. The fishes were safe for consumption, but their long-term consumption may induce cancer, primarily due to Cd. Therefore, the management of plastic waste by involving all stakeholders is crucial for mitigating this issue.
Journal Article
The Soldier and the Changing State
The Soldier and the Changing State is the first book to systematically explore, on a global scale, civil-military relations in democratizing and changing states. Looking at how armies supportive of democracy are built, Zoltan Barany argues that the military is the most important institution that states maintain, for without military elites who support democratic governance, democracy cannot be consolidated. Barany also demonstrates that building democratic armies is the quintessential task of newly democratizing regimes. But how do democratic armies come about? What conditions encourage or impede democratic civil-military relations? And how can the state ensure the allegiance of its soldiers?
Barany examines the experiences of developing countries and the armed forces in the context of major political change in six specific settings: in the wake of war and civil war, after military and communist regimes, and following colonialism and unification/apartheid. He evaluates the army-building and democratization experiences of twenty-seven countries and explains which predemocratic settings are most conducive to creating a military that will support democracy. Highlighting important factors and suggesting which reforms can be expected to work and fail in different environments, he offers practical policy recommendations to state-builders and democratizers.
eBook
First Retrospective Study of Avian Mercury Exposure in a Tropical ASGM Hotspot
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the largest anthropogenic source of mercury globally. Few studies have explored how this toxicant affects avian wildlife in Indonesia, an ASGM hotspot. Here, we use feather samples from museum specimens (
n
= 92) of Indonesian birds to examine changes through time in methylmercury (MeHg), diet, and foraging habitat (inferred from stable isotope ratios of nitrogen,
δ
15
N, and carbon,
δ
13
C, respectively). We ask how MeHg changes between time period (1860–1980 vs. 1980–2019) given increases in mercury emissions due to ASGM and describe how foraging guild and among-species variation in diet influence Indonesian bird feather MeHg concentrations. Time period was not a significant factor, with specimens associated with increased ASGM activity (collected post-1980) not significantly higher in MeHg concentrations compared to specimens collected pre-1980. Feather MeHg concentrations varied significantly among species, foraging guilds, and by habitat use. Carnivore and insectivore MeHg concentrations were above thresholds associated with sublethal effects. This is the first report of MeHg in Indonesian passerines, kingfishers, and woodpeckers. It provides critical information on mercury exposure in a region with high avian diversity that is severely impacted by mercury pollution.
Journal Article
Celebrification of Politics: Understanding Migration of Celebrities into Politics Celebrification of Celebrity Politicians in the Emerging Democracy of Indonesia
This work proposes a theory of ‘celebritisation of politics’. It assumes that celebritisation of politics takes shape once politics and political affairs are celebritised. It argues that in democratic countries, not merely individual celebrity turns into politician (celebrification of celebrity-politician), but also individual politician transmutes into celebrity (celebrification of celebrity-politician). The degree to which these celebrifications take place is likely determined by the country-, the media-, celebrity- and audiences-related factors. The first includes political party, government, media and election systems. The second incorporates mediatisation, representation and commodification of celebrity politician by the media and political economic structures of the media and cultural industries. The third consist of diversification and migration of celebrity politician and his/her personal and professional backgrounds. The fourth is connected with characteristics of the audiences addressed by the media and cultural industries, celebrity politician and political actor and organisation s/he associated with. Focusing on Indonesia’s democracy, this work reveals that establishments of the democratic political, media and election systems lead to celebrification of celebrity-politicians taking place in this country. In facing the parliamentary and local government elections, political parties recruited and commoditised substantial number of celebrities as candidates and represented them as political leaders to captivate the electorates and seek either parliamentary or local government offices. Some of them succeeded in such elections. They were migrating not merely across political parties, but also across the election arenas. Total number of those who turned into celebrity-politicians increased substantially, but none of them successfully came up as prominent politicians.
Journal Article
Political competition and economic performance: evidence from Indonesia
This paper analyses the impact of political competition on economic performance in Indonesia. This study uses a database covering 427 districts in Indonesia, from 2000 to 2013. Political competition is measured using the Herfindahl Hirschman Concentration Index for the district parliament election. This variable is potentially endogenous, because political competition is likely to be non-random and correlated with unobservable variables. To solve this problem, I use the lag of the average political competition within the same province as the instrumental variable for political competition. The degree of political competition boosts real Regional Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) per capita and RGDP growth by 0.7 and 0.6%, respectively. This study also finds that stiffer political competition is associated with lower own source revenue, higher non agricultural RGDP share, and higher Human Development Index (HDI).
Journal Article