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The marketplace has seen significant growth in the demand for 'ethical' behavior, and banks are seeking to leverage customers' perception in order to build a sustainable competitive advantage. In consequence, the concepts of corporate social responsibility and corporate reputation are of vital concern for academics and managers in terms of their potential impact on customers. This study seeks to contribute to the literature by examining the mediating role of corporate reputation on the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility (conceptualized as a formative secondorder formative construct) and customer loyalty. The study also takes into consideration the role played by bank type in the mediation effect. To achieve this aim, a study was performed comprising 572 personal surveys in the Basque Country. The results showed that corporate reputation partially mediated the relation between corporate social responsibility and customer loyalty. On the other hand, bank type is shown not to moderate the mediation effect. The results have important implications for practitioners wishing to manage their relations with customers.

The banking sector is a linchpin of economic growth and development, with its prosperity heavily influenced by various factors of the economy. The cooperative model of banking to achieve both of personal and community development goals has been chosen as an instrument for fostering high and stable financial growth. As a key metric for assessing the financial health and profitability of banks, including cooperative banks, NPAs plays a crucial role in evaluating their stability and resilience. Notably the Indian Banking system, now, compares with the global benchmarks, reflecting commendable Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Credit risk (NPAs). The purpose of this article is an attempt to analyze the trends of NPAs (Gross NPAs and Net NPAs) of selected Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) and assessing the profitability using ROA and ROE over the period of 2016-2022 by employing the linear trend analysis and multiple regression model. Secondary sources provided the information gathered for the study. The study indicates that the trend of NPAs is fluctuating over time with low minimal correlation. GNPAs and NNPAs have a significant impact on ROA for the selected UCBs- Nagarik Samabay Bank (NSB) and Gauhati Cooperative Urban Bank (GCUB). However, during the period 2020-2022, GNPA sand NNPAs did not exhibit significant influence on ROE for Gauhati Cooperative Urban Bank. Hence, the dynamism of NPA and their impact on profitability on banking sector will reflect the growth of financial sector of the economy.

In two studies, we develop and test theory about the relationship between speaking up, one type of organizational citizenship behavior, and unit performance by accounting for where employee voice is flowing. Results from a qualitative study of managers and professionals across a variety of industries suggest that voice to targets at different formal power levels (peers or superiors) and locations in the organization (inside or outside a focal unit) differs systematically in terms of its usefulness in generating actions to a unit's benefit on the issues raised and in the likely information value of the ideas expressed. We then theorize how distinct voice flows should be differentially related to unit performance based on these core characteristics and test our hypotheses using time-lagged field data from 801 employees and their managers in 93 units across nine North American credit unions. Results demonstrate that voice flows are positively related to a unit's effectiveness when they are targeted at the focal leader of that unit—who should be able to take action—whether from that leader's own subordinates or those in other units, and negatively related to a unit's effectiveness when they are targeted at coworkers who have little power to effect change. Together, these studies provide a structural framework for studying the nature and impact of multiple voice flows, some along formal reporting lines and others that reflect the informal communication structure within organizations. This research demonstrates that understanding the potential performance benefits and costs of voice for leaders and their units requires attention to the structure and complexity of multiple voice flows rather than to an undifferentiated amount of voice.

The research investigates the impact of age, education, experience, gender, board size, and composition on the sustainability of German cooperative banks. These banks are vital for the German financial system and have significant regional importance. The research reveals that the age of executive board members and board size correlate with the bank's long-term performance. Banks with older executive board members tend to perform less effectively over time. Additionally, employing more than the legally required two executive board members negatively affects the bank's medium- and long-term performance. The study's results contribute to various management theories and can aid supervisory boards in selecting new executive board members based on performance criteria. Die Forschungsarbeit untersucht, wie Alter, Ausbildung, Erfahrung, Geschlecht, sowie Zusammensetzung und Größe des Vorstandsgremiums das langfristige Überleben deutscher Genossenschaftsbanken beeinflussen, welche aufgrund sinkender Gewinnmargen vom \"Aussterben\" bedroht sind. Diese Banken spielen eine bedeutende Rolle im deutschen Wirtschafts- und Finanzsystem. Neben der Abwicklung wichtiger Zahlungstransaktionen sind sie bedeutende Arbeitgeber. Darüberhinaus spielten sie während der Finanzkrise 2007/2008 eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Unterstützung des europäischen Bankensystems. Die agierenden Vorstände dieser Genossenschaftsbanken haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf den Geschäftserfolg.Es wurden empirische Daten zu den soziodemographischen Faktoren der Vorstandsmitglieder, der Vorstandszusammensetzung, -größe und der Bruttogewinnmarge über 5 und 10 Jahre gesammelt und statistisch analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Alter der Vorstandsmitglieder, der Vorstandszusammensetzung und der Bruttogewinnmarge über die angegebenen Zeiträume. Diese Forschungsarbeit trägt zu verschiedenen Managementtheorien bei. Darüber hinaus bietet sie praktische Entscheidungskriterien für Aufsichtsräte bei der Auswahl neuer Vorstandsmitglieder.

Building on the corporate reputation model, this study investigates the drivers of customer-based corporate reputation. We consider two corporate reputation dimensions (i.e., the cognitive dimension competence and the affective dimension likeability, and their effects on customer satisfaction and loyalty). Adapting the model to the banking sector, we theoretically extend this model by reasoning that customer satisfaction and relational trust are mediators of the relationship between the two corporate reputation dimensions and loyalty. Studying a sample of 675 customers and members of cooperative banks in Germany, we find perceived attractiveness to be the most important driver of corporate reputation. Furthermore, we confirm a positive relationship between corporate reputation and loyalty, and a mediating effect of both satisfaction and relational trust. With our study, we give support for the proposition of customer satisfaction's as well as relational trust’s role as mediators of the relationship between corporate reputation and loyalty. With this research, we expand our knowledge on the well-known corporate reputation model, which has high relevance and important implications for marketing research and relationship management practice.

This paper investigates the interplay among three main elements of an entrepreneurial ecosystem: local universities, local financial system, and residents’ individual attitudes. Specifically, we study how the local availability of university knowledge interacts with the relative presence of cooperative banks in the local banking industry and with the residents’ tendency to behave opportunistically to determine the creation of high-tech ventures in a territory (i.e., Italian provinces). Our insight is that high information asymmetries impede high-tech entrepreneurial ideas based on university knowledge to attract external finance. Cooperative banks, which have trust-based relationships with the local community, are potentially a valuable source of finance for these entrepreneurial ideas, but are restrained by their inherent risk aversion. Accordingly, we argue that university knowledge and local presence of cooperative banks can interact either positively or negatively in determining the creation of high-tech ventures at the local level. We also contend that residents’ individual attitudes shape this interaction as trust-based relationships are more valuable in areas where residents tend to behave opportunistically. In the empirical part of the paper, we estimate zero-inflated negative binomial regressions where the dependent variable is the number of new high-tech ventures established in 792 province-industry pairs in the period 2012–2014. In line with our reasoning, we find that in provinces where residents tend to behave opportunistically, the relative presence of cooperative banks magnifies the positive effect of university knowledge on high-tech entrepreneurship. Conversely, this effect is negligible in provinces with less opportunistic residents.

Les groupes bancaires coopératifs combinent les avantages d'un réseau décentralisé de banques indépendantes et d'une organisation centrale qui aident ces banques coopératives indépendantes à réaliser des économies d'échelle. Cet article décrit la structure organisationnelle du groupe bancaire coopératif allemand. En Allemagne les banques coopératives sont des entités indépendantes, mais coopèrent pour avoir un accès fiable à des services tels que le corporate banking , la liquidité et à des produits comme les fonds d'investissement collectifs et les assurances. Par ailleurs, le système de protection institutionnel commun oblige à une collaboration dans la gestion du risque du groupe. Toutefois les organes centraux du groupe n'ont pas l'autorité pour donner des instructions aux banques. Les défis actuels tels que la régulation et la numérisation créent des économies d'échelle. Les taux d'intérêt bas compressent la rentabilité des banques. Les banques coopératives ont réagi par des fusions, par la mise en œuvre de réductions de coûts au niveau des banques et au niveau central ainsi qu'en développant de nouvelles solutions numériques pour leurs clients et dans leurs back offices . Classification JEL : G21, G28, G32, L22, M14, M15, P13. Cooperative banking groups combine the advantages of a decentralised network of independent banks and a central organization that helps independent cooperative banks to realize economies of scale. This article describes the organizational structure of the German Cooperative Banking Group. Cooperative banks in Germany are independent entities, but cooperate to get reliable access to services like corporate banking or liquidity and products like mutual funds and insurances. On the other hand the joint institute protection scheme requires some collaboration in the group's risk management. Nevertheless, the group's central bodies do not have the authority to issue instructions to the banks. Current challenges like regulation and digitalisation create economies of scale. Low interest rates put pressure on the banks returns. Cooperative banks have reacted by merging, implementing cost reductions on the primary and central level and by introducing new digital solutions for their customers and in their back-offices. Classification JEL : G21, G28, G32, L22, M14, M15, P13.

PurposeThis study analyzes the role of regional cooperative banks in identifying and financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from a proximity perspective. Access to finance is a major challenge for SMEs. Regional cooperative banks can remove this barrier based on cooperative bank's characteristics and geographic proximity to SMEs. Understanding the interplay between these financial actors and firms can contribute to a better support of SMEs development.Design/methodology/approachThe results are based on a case study of eight SMEs located in southwestern France. Interviews were conducted with two regional cooperative funds and eight SMEs. The interview guide included questions related to the company, the projects financed and how financing was accessed.FindingsResults reveal that a combination of three forms of proximity allows regional cooperative banks and SMEs to establish effective financing operations. They show that regional cooperative banks are key players in the existing financing mechanisms for SMEs. Such financing is often used to gain access to larger players at a later stage. The findings suggest the need for public policies that promote the integration of financing actors in regional ecosystems to advance SMEs' development.Originality/valueThis article examines how SMEs access financing, with a focus on regional cooperative banks, which have received little attention in the literature. Moreover, the relationships between these actors are studied through the lens of proximity. Regional cooperative banks are able to finance projects that may have been overlooked by traditional banks due to trust-building local dynamics.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the speed at which credit unions adjust their capital ratios.The systemic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-Sys) was applied to 704 Brazilian individual credit unions from 2014 to 2022, with a total of 5,864 observations.The results indicate that the median Basel Ratio was higher than the Leverage Ratio, without breaching the regulatory minimum. Credit unions show differences in the speed of adjustment, with faster adjustment for the Basel Ratio compared to the Leverage Ratio. Size influences the speed of adjustment, with larger credit unions being more flexible in adjusting their Leverage Ratio more quickly, while smaller credit unions adjust more slowly to the Basel Ratio. During economic crises, the speed of adjustment of the Basel Ratio was higher, probably due to more thorough analysis by supervisors and stakeholder expectations.The originality of this study lies in the analysis of the speed of adjustment of capital ratios in credit unions, focusing on the differences between the Basel and Leverage Ratios. This study fills a significant gap in the literature, offering insights into how these institutions adjust their capital ratios in the context of Basel III. The research also explores the impact of credit union size and economic crises on these adjustments, contributing to a deeper understanding of the financial behavior of these institutions and its implications for regulators and supervisors.