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"Gentrification"
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Global gentrifications : uneven development and displacement
Under contemporary capitalism the extraction of value from the built environment has escalated, a phenomenon working in tandem with other urban processes to lay the foundations for the exploitative processes of gentrification worldwide. Global Gentrifications critically assesses and tests the meaning and significance of gentrification in places outside the usual suspects of the Global North. Informed by a rich array of case studies from cities in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Southern Europe, and beyond, the book illuminates both the geographical generalities and specificities associated with the uneven process of gentrification globally. Highlighting the intensifying global struggles over urban space, it underlines gentrification as a growing and important battleground in the contemporary world, making the book a vital resource for students and academics as well as policy makers, planners, and community organizations.
Book
Gentrificación y desposesión de lugar: Dinámicas subjetivas del desplazamiento simbólico y la micro-segregación
La gentrificación es un proceso de transformación urbanística que provoca desplazamientos excluyentes de la población residente y su sustitución progresiva por grupos sociales de mayor poder adquisitivo. A la expulsión directa o indirecta de población se añade el desplazamiento simbólico de quienes continúan residiendo en el lugar. El desplazamiento simbólico se define por un conjunto de afectaciones y malestares psicosociales asociados a la ruptura, debilitamiento o pérdida sentidas del vínculo personal, socio-afectivo y comunitario de la persona con su entorno de vida, es decir, por un proceso simbólico de desposesión de lugar. Este artículo examina algunas de las principales dinámicas subjetivas que articulan la desposesión de lugar, a partir de un estudio cualitativo de caso basado en entrevistas en movimiento a residentes y ex residentes en un barrio de Barcelona. Desde un enfoque micro-político que interpreta el desplazamiento simbólico como expresión en el plano ‘psi’ de prácticas capitalistas de des/re-subjetivación para la revalorización del capital, destacamos tres dinámicas simbólicas: dislocaciones de la identidad de lugar que debilitan el sentimiento de agencia; rearticulaciones del apego al lugar que psicologizan el vínculo afectivo con el entorno; y micro-segregaciones como expulsiones interiores que representan al mismo tiempo la vulneración y la expresión del derecho a habitar. El artículo pretende aportar elementos ‘psi’ útiles para la crítica y la politización del malestar en la gentrificación.
Journal Article
Mixed communities : gentrification by stealth?
Encouraging neighbourhood social mix has been a major goal of urban policy and planning in a number of different countries. This book draws together a range of case studies by international experts to assess the impacts of social mix policies and the degree to which they might represent gentrification by stealth.
Book
Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of ‘foreign only’ enclaves in Barcelona
In a context of global-scale inequalities and increased middle-class transnational mobility, this paper explores how the arrival of Western European and North American migrants in Barcelona drives a process of gentrification that coexists and overlaps with the development of tourism in the city. Research has focused increasingly on the role of visitors and Airbnb in driving gentrification. However, our aim is to add another layer to the complexity of neighbourhood change in tourist cities by considering the role of migrants from advanced economies as gentrifiers in these neighbourhoods. We combined socio-demographic analysis with in-depth interviews and, from this, we found that: (1) lifestyle opportunities, rather than work, explain why transnational migrants are attracted to Barcelona, resulting in privileged consumers of housing that then displace long-term residents; (2) migrants have become spatially concentrated in tourist enclaves and interact predominantly with other transnational mobile populations; (3) the result is that centrally located neighbourhoods are appropriated by foreigners – both visitors and migrants – who are better positioned in the unequal division of labour, causing locals to feel increasingly excluded from the place. We illustrate that tourism and transnational gentrification spatially coexist and, accordingly, we provide an analysis that integrates both processes to understand how neighbourhood change occurs in areas impacted by tourism. By doing so, the paper offers a fresh reading of how gentrification takes place in a Southern European destination and, furthermore, it provides new insights into the conceptualisation of tourism and lifestyle migration as drivers of gentrification.
在全球范围内不平等和中产阶级跨国流动增加的背景下，本文探讨了在巴塞罗那，西欧和北美移民的到来如何推动了一个与城市旅游业发展共存和重叠的绅士化进程。研究越来越关注游客和爱彼迎在推动绅士化方面的作用。然而，我们的目标是通过考察来自发达经济体的移民作为这些街区的绅士化推动者角色，为旅游城市的街区变化增加另一层复杂性。我们将社会人口分析与深入访谈相结合，从中我们发现：（1）生活方式的机会，而不是工作，解释了为什么跨国移民被吸引到巴塞罗那，导致住房的特权消费者，然后驱逐长期居民；（2）移民在空间上集中在旅游飞地，主要与其他跨国流动人口互动；（3）结果是位于中心的街区被外国人（包括游客和移民）占据，他们在不平等的劳动分工中处于更有利的地位，导致当地人越来越感到被排斥在这个地方之外。我们证明旅游业和跨国绅士化在空间上是共存的，因此，我们提供了一个综合这两个过程的分析，以了解在受旅游业影响的地区街区关系是如何发生变化的。藉此，本文对一个南欧旅游胜地的绅士化进行了全新的解读，此外，本文还对旅游业和生活方式迁移的概念化作为绅士化的驱动因素提供了新的见解。
Journal Article
Greening practitioners worry about green gentrification but many don’t address it in their work
As cities attempt to ameliorate urban green inequities, a potential challenge has emerged in the form of green gentrification. Although practitioners are central to urban greening and associated gentrification, there has yet to be an exploration of practitioner perspectives on the phenomenon. We fill this gap with an online survey of 51 urban greening practitioners in Metro Vancouver and the Greater Toronto Area. Most respondents defined green gentrification as the displacement of vulnerable residents due to the installation or improvement of green space that attracts wealthy in-movers and increases property values. They were most likely to identify greening as driving green gentrification, with a minority identifying other systemic drivers with greening in a secondary role. Although 39 of 51 participants had some familiarity with green gentrification, most reported low confidence in their understanding of the concept, little evidence of using the concept in their work, and moderate concern that their work is implicated in green gentrification. The gentrification issues most encountered by practitioners were changes to neighbourhood character and uneven investment in public infrastructure, and those working in domains linked to planning, equity, and engagement were most likely to encounter gentrification issues. Practitioners experienced multiple barriers to addressing green gentrification, including limited institutional capacity, limited access to data and relevant information, policy/mandate restriction, and lack of engagement tools. Results indicate that practitioners have a moderate understanding of green gentrification but do not often use the concept in their work, despite their potential to contribute to or exacerbate it. This suggests some resistance to critiques of urban greening practice, a failure of scholarly critiques of urban greening to influence policy change, and the need for stronger research theory and research co-creation involving practitioners and academia.
Journal Article
Memorability as Image : the Contested Aesthetic Politics of Robin Hood Gardens
This thesis looks to explore the aesthetic politics of the Robin Hood Gardens (RHG) estate in East London and its recent regeneration, problematising the debates that have emerged around its demolition and perceived ugliness/beauty. It challenges both the political revival of strategies that seek to blame supposedly 'ugly' architectural forms for wider social problems, as well as the narratives of those who seek to sanitise urban spaces through 'heritage-washing'. Instead, it advocates a position that reasserts the function of the estate as a site of home, and the social and material complexity that surrounds it. In order to do so it utilises a system of methods derived from both archaeological and geographic disciplines, as it pieces together the material, textual, artistic, and more-than-representational processes behind how the estate has become a symbol for discussions around gentrification within the city. Specifically, it engages with how 'images' of the estate have been produced and reproduced; including artwork of numerous 'RHG artists'; the audiovisual materials produced by the estate's developers (Blackwall Reach); as well as interviews with key heritage stakeholders and tenants of the estate, in order to present a discussion around how symbolic and representational practices continue to shape the material realities of the site. As a result, it concludes by challenging the various aesthetic and audio-visual strategies that promote forms of gentrification, instead advocating for perspectives which consider the estate in all of its intricacy.
Dissertation
Resilience in the post-welfare inner city : voluntary sector geographies in London, Los Angeles and Sydney
Moving beyond theoretical notions of 'resilience' this is the first book to offer a conceptual and empirical approach to exploring and comparing the process of resilience across service 'hubs' in three complex but different global inner-city regions: London, Los Angeles and Sydney.
Book
Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon
The Great Recession (2008–2014) and the consequent crises in both the national financial and production systems have led the Portuguese administration to adopt tourism and urban rehabilitation as new pivotal sectors to overcome the critical crisis-derived impacts on the economy and society. Moreover, both national and local administrations have deployed a range of legislative initiatives to attract transnational real estate investment and new high-income residents to the country, including generous tax benefits and residency permits for large foreign investors. This is of greater relevance in the historic neighbourhoods of Lisbon city centre, as in the case of Alfama, which has recently been transformed into one of the most important urban hotspots in the country for both local and transnational real estate investors. By focusing on this historic quarter of Lisbon, this paper examines how processes of gentrification and studentification occurring in the area since the late 1990s and early 2000s have been disrupted by recent processes of touristification and Airbnbisation in Alfama, transforming the entire neighbourhood into an ‘outdoor hotel’. The paper concludes by suggesting that, while urban touristification appears today as a new reproduction mechanism of glocal financial capital, the Airbnbisation of former lower-class central urban areas of post-recession southern European cities emerges as the newest, most aggressive form of urban accumulation by dispossession and spatial displacement against the working and middle-lower classes (both locals and migrants) of the ‘tourist city’.
大衰退（2008-2014年）以及随之而来的国家金融和生产系统危机，导致葡萄牙政府将旅游业和城市复兴作为新的关键部门，以克服危机对经济和社会造成的重大影响。此外，国家和地方政府都采取了一系列立法举措，以吸引跨国房地产投资和新的高收入居民到该国，包括为大型外国投资者提供慷慨的税收优惠和居留许可。这对里斯本市中心的历史街区具有更大的相关性，例如阿尔法马（Alfama），该街区最近已被改造成对当地和跨国房地产投资者而言该国最重要的城市热点之一。我们聚焦里斯本的这一历史街区，考察了20世纪90年代末到2000年代初阿尔法玛发生的绅士化和学生化过程如何被最近发生的旅游化和“爱彼迎化”所颠覆，并将整个街区变成了“户外酒店”。本文最后指出，尽管城市旅游化如今似乎是全球金融资本的一种新的再生产机制，但衰退后南欧城市的前低阶层中心城市地区的“爱彼迎化”，通过对“旅游城市”的工人和中低阶层（包括本地人和移民）的剥夺和空间驱逐，成为了最新、最具侵略性的城市积累形式。
Journal Article