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This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition advances in multicollector-ICP-mass-spectrometry allow precise measurements of new isotope systems. In this new edition therefore, 42 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. New findings from non-traditional isotope systems have been incorporated. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.

A majority of the global net primary production of mangroves is unaccounted for by current carbon budgets. It has been hypothesized that this “missing carbon” is exported as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from subsurface respiration and groundwater (or pore-water) exchange driven by tidal pumping. We tested this hypothesis by measuring concentrations and δ 13C values of DIC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC), along with radon (222Rn, a natural submarine groundwater discharge tracer), in a tidal creek in Moreton Bay, Australia. Concentrations and δ 13C values displayed consistent tidal variations, and mirrored the trend in 222Rn in summer and winter. DIC and DOC were exported from, and POC was imported to, the mangroves during all tidal cycles. The exported DOC had a similar δ13C value in summer and winter (∼ −30‰). The exported δ 13C-DIC showed no difference between summer and winter and had a δ 13C value slightly more enriched (∼ −22.5‰) than the exported DOC. The imported POC had differing values in summer (∼ −16‰) and winter (∼ −22‰), reflecting a combination of seagrass and estuarine particulate organic matter (POM) in summer and most likely a dominance of estuarine POM in winter. A coupled 222Rn and carbon model showed that 93–99% of the DIC and 89–92% of the DOC exports were driven by groundwater advection. DIC export averaged 3 g C m−2 d−1 and was an order of magnitude higher than DOC export, and similar to global estimates of the mangrove missing carbon (i.e., ∼ 1.9–2.7 g C m−2 d−1).

Tectonic interpretations of arc remnants in the Himalayan orogen remain uncertain, despite their important implications for the overall convergence history between India and Eurasia. Provenance results from deep‐water volcaniclastic rocks of the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh provide new constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs. Detrital zircon (DZ) U‐Pb ages and whole‐rock geochemistry of the fault‐bounded Upper Cretaceous Nindam and Paleocene Jurutze formations present age patterns and compositions that are consistent with those of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs, respectively. The combination of DZs of the Nindam and Jurutze formations with the igneous zircons of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs shows similar age distributions that support a Late Jurassic to Paleocene tectonic connection between all these units. We argue that the secular trends in geochemical composition of DZs and volcaniclastic material are consistent with the magmatic evolution of one convergent margin, which shifted from a primitive to a mature stage during the Late Cretaceous. The recognition of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc sets the stage for reevaluating competing scenarios of the Mesozoic evolution of the India–Eurasia convergent system. We find that the most likely scenario is that of a Jurassic arc formed above a south‐dipping intraoceanic subduction zone and accreted to Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous, after which it evolved above a north‐dipping subduction zone. Plain Language Summary The Himalayan orogen is the result of the collision between India and Eurasia and the closure of the intervening Neotethys Ocean. The suture zone between India and Eurasia hosts an incomplete and complex archive of the paleogeography that once existed between them prior to continent‐continent collision. Investigating suture zone rocks may therefore provide valuable information on the building blocks of the orogen and the overall history of the India‐Eurasia convergent system. Disparate remnants exposed in the Indus Suture Zone (Western Himalaya) suggest that volcanic arcs and sedimentary basins were formed above intraoceanic subduction zones, but there is no consensus on their original paleogeography. We discuss new and existing geological data from volcaniclastic rocks related to the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs. Our data support the existence of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc during the Mesozoic and provide additional insights into the complexity of the pre‐collisional convergence between India and Eurasia. Key Points Dissimilar ages and compositions of volcaniclastic units in the Indus Suture Zone reveal arc evolution from primitive to mature stages Detrital zircon U‐Pb ages and geochemistry, and whole‐rock geochemistry support a common origin of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs The recognition of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc represents a key constraint in models of India‐Eurasia convergence

Weathering of uplifted continental rocks consumes carbon dioxide and transports cations to the oceans, thereby playing a critical role in controlling both seawater chemistry and climate. However, there are few archives of seawater chemical change that reveal shifts in global tectonic forces connecting Earth ocean-climate processes. We present a 68-million-year record of lithium isotopes in seawater (δ⁷Li sw ) reconstructed from planktonic foraminifera. From the Paleocene (60 million years ago) to the present, δ⁷Li sw rose by 9 per mil (‰), requiring large changes in continental weathering and seafloor reverse weathering that are consistent with increased tectonic uplift, more rapid continental denudation, increasingly incongruent continental weathering (lower chemical weathering intensity), and more rapid CO₂ drawdown. A 5‰ drop in δ⁷Li sw across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary cannot be produced by an impactor or by Deccan trap volcanism, suggesting large-scale continental denudation.