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Mysteries of the deep : how seafloor drilling expeditions revolutionized our understanding of earth history
\"This book tells the story of how scientific ocean drilling, a crowning achievement of science and engineering in the 20th century, transformed our understanding of Earth's history\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Applications of Palaeontology
Palaeontology, the scientific study of fossils, has developed from a descriptive science to an analytical science used to interpret relationships between earth and life history. This book provides a comprehensive and thematic treatment of applied palaeontology, covering the use of fossils in the ordering of rocks in time and in space, in biostratigraphy, palaeobiology and sequence stratigraphy. Robert Wynn Jones presents a practical workflow for applied palaeontology, including sample acquisition, preparation and analysis, and interpretation and integration. He then presents numerous case studies that demonstrate the applicability and value of the subject to areas such as petroleum, mineral and coal exploration and exploitation, engineering geology and environmental science. Specialist applications outside of the geosciences (including archaeology, forensic science, medical palynology, entomopalynology and melissopalynology) are also addressed. Abundantly illustrated and referenced, Applications of Palaeontology provides a user-friendly reference for academic researchers and professionals across a range of disciplines and industry settings.
eBook
Under the ground
Examines the challenges geologists and earth scientists face while studying underneath the surface and reasons why the work is important, and discusses working conditions, survival techniques, and the technology they use.
Book
Volcanologist
Introduces the field of volcanology, explaining the necessary educational steps, useful character traits, potential hazards, and daily job tasks related to this occupation.
Book
Geoscience Data and Collections
Geoscience data and collections (such as, rock and sediment cores, geophysical data, engineering records, and fossils) are necessary for industries to discover and develop domestic natural resources to fulfill the nations energy and mineral requirements and to improve the prediction of immediate and long term hazards, such as land slides, volcanic eruptions and global climate change. While the nation has assembled a wealth of geoscience data and collections, their utility remains incompletely tapped. Many could act as invaluable resources in the future but immediate action is needed if they are to remain available. Housing of and access to geoscience data and collections have become critical issues for industry, federal and state agencies, museums, and universities. Many resources are in imminent danger of being lost through mismanagement, neglect, or disposal. A striking 46 percent of the state geological surveys polled by the committee reported that there is no space available or they have refused to accept new material. In order to address these challenges, Geoscience Data and Collections offers a comprehensive strategy for managing geoscience data and collections in the United States.
eBook
Scientific ocean drilling : accomplishments and challenges
\"Through direct exploration of the subseafloor, U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling programs have significantly contributed to a broad range of scientific accomplishments in Earth science disciplines, shaping understanding of Earth systems and enabling new fields of inquiry. Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges reviews the scientific accomplishments of U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling over the past four decades. The book evaluates how the programs (Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP], 1968-1983, Ocean Drilling Program [ODP], 1984-2003, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP], 2003-2013) have shaped understanding of Earth systems and Earth history and assessed the role of scientific ocean drilling in enabling new fields of inquiry. This book also assesses the potential for transformative discoveries for the next proposed phase of scientific ocean drilling, which is scheduled to run from 2013 to 2023. The programs' technological innovations have played a strong role in these accomplishments. The science plan for the proposed 2013-2023 program presents a strong case for the continuation of scientific ocean drilling. Each of the plan's four themes identifies compelling challenges with potential for transformative science that could only be addressed through scientific ocean drilling, although some challenges appear to have greater potential than others. Prioritizing science plan challenges and integrating multiple objectives into single expeditions would help use resources more effectively, while encouraging technological innovations would continue to increase the potential for groundbreaking science.\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Opportunities and priorities in Arctic geoscience: Committee on Arctic Solid-Earth Geosciences, Polar Research Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council
There is broad agreement in the scientific community that the solid earth beneath the Arctic Ocean basin contains answers to major unsolved problems in the earth sciences and that many of these pertain to questions that are of global scientific significance or pressing societal concern.Recent political and technological developments, including the end of the Cold War and the prospective availability of nuclear submarines and powerful icebreakers for use as research platforms, appear to provide remedies for formidable obstacles of communication and access in harsh environmental conditions. This book recommends that the Arctic Ocean basin and its margins be the focus of a research program in three stages of study based on selected criteria: geologic framework and tectonic evolution, the sedimentary record and environmental history, and arctic geologic processes and environmental indicators.
eBook
Characteristics and formation mechanisms of silicified carbonate reservoirs in well SN4 of the Tarim Basin
High-yield natural gas was discovered in well SN4 in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Tarim Basin. The gas is found in unusual, silicified, carbonate reservoirs. According to the degree of silicification, the silicified reservoirs can be divided into a lower section of silicified carbonates, a middle section of limestone, and an upper section of silicified carbonates. The silicified carbonates are mainly composed of quartz and calcite, in which the reservoir space mostly occurs as vugs, inter-crystalline pores of quartz, and partial fractures. Porosity varies widely, ranging from 3 to 20.5% with strong heterogeneity. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite show that the silicification temperatures were 150–190°C, with characteristics of high temperature/low salinity and low temperature/high salinity. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of secondary calcite are 0.709336–0.709732, which are significantly higher than that of concurrent seawater, indicating that the hydrothermal fluid originated from the deep clastic strata or the basement (sialic rock). The δ
13C values of the secondary calcite are similar to that of the surrounding limestone, indicating that the carbon in the secondary calcite is derived from the limestone strata, and that the secondary calcite is the product of dissolution and re-precipitation resulting from interaction between the silica-bearing hydrothermal fluids and surrounding limestones. The silicification of silica-bearing hydrothermal fluid was significantly controlled by strike-slip faults. The fluids ascending along the fault zone and branch faults interacted with the surrounding limestone in the Yingshan Formation. As a result, a large amount of quartz and secondary calcite were formed together with various types of secondary pores, resulting in excellent reservoirs.
Journal Article