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Educational aspirations are generally based on past academic achievement and families' endowment with the resources needed to reach targeted educational levels. However, although they perform worse at school and hold lower social status, previous research observes that some ethnic minorities tend to express higher educational ambitions than natives. This study discusses and tests possible reasons for this striking finding using German data from the Young Immigrants in the German and Israeli Educational Systems project, which includes families from Turkey and the former Soviet Union. The results reveal that Turkish students hold higher aspirations than their native counterparts, whereas no aspiration gap was found between natives and adolescents from the former Soviet Union. While German students' aspiration patterns can mainly be ascribed to status attainment motivation, Turkish students' high educational ambitions seem to be stimulated by a desire of status upward mobility.

This paper presents the development of an instrument for the assessment of system competence in the field of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Based on an already existing, more complex model of system competence for the school subject geography, we have developed a test that refers to central themes and principles of ESD using exclusively closed answer formats. Building on the results of cognitive laboratories and expert feedback from various fields, the instrument was (further) developed in an iterative process of feedback and revision. We conducted a quantitative pilot study with N = 366 8th and 9th grade students. The results indicate that the development of our system competence test was successful-the overall test yielded a high reliability and only very few items were not working as intended. Furthermore, the difficulties of the items were appropriate for the ability levels of the students and the results of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggest that the newly developed test measures system competence with one dimension. As the test is compact, easy to interpret, and yet reliable, it is particularly suitable for monitoring purposes in the field of ESD. (DIPF/Orig.)

The purpose of this study was to examine the trends in school-day step counts, health-related fitness, and gross motor skills during a two-year Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) in children. Longitudinal trend analysis. Participants were a sample of children (N=240; mean age=7.9±1.2 years; 125 girls, 115 boys) enrolled in five low-income schools. Outcome variables consisted of school day step counts, Body Mass Index (BMI), estimated VO2 Peak, and gross motor skill scores assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd Edition (TGMD-3). Measures were collected over a two-year CSPAP including a baseline and several follow-up time-points. Multi-level mixed effects models were employed to examine time trends on each continuous outcome variable. Markov-chain transition models were employed to examine time trends for derived binary variables for school day steps, BMI, and estimated VO2 Peak. There were statistically significant time coefficients for estimated VO2 Peak (b=1.10mL/kg/min, 95% C.I. [0.35mL/kg/min–2.53mL/kg/min], p=0.009) and TGMD-3 scores (b=7.8, 95% C.I. [6.2–9.3], p<0.001). There were no significant changes over time for school-day step counts or BMI. Boys had greater change in odds of achieving a step count associating with 30min of school day MVPA (OR=1.25, 95% C.I. [1.02–1.48], p=0.044). A two-year CSPAP related to increases in cardio-respiratory endurance and TGMD-3 scores. School day steps and BMI were primarily stable across the two-year intervention.

Context: The current shortage of teachers in Germany, especially in vocational schools, is of relevance to the education system and labour market policy. To recruit future teachers more effectively, it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of pre-service teachers’ career choice motivation. However, research has concentrated so far mainly on teachers in the general education system. The present study investigates the career choice motivation of students who will become vocational education and training (VET) teachers and compares it to the career choice motivation of future comprehensive school teachers. Approach: We surveyed N = 79 teacher training students in total, 30 pre-service VET teachers and 49 pre-service comprehensive school teachers at the beginning of their university-based teacher training. To measure career choice motivation, we used the standardized questionnaire Motivation for Choosing Teacher Education (FEMOLA) including six subscales (Pohlmann & Möller, 2010). In order to compare pre-service VET and comprehensive school teachers with regard to the six scales of career choice motivation, we performed a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: We found the highest means for the motives subject-specific and educational interest for the future VET teachers. In comparison to the pre-service comprehensive school teachers, they rated their educational interest, social influences, and utility as significantly less relevant in terms of their career choice motivation. There are no significant differences on the other three motivational scales. Conclusion: The findings show that the two groups partially differ in their motivations to become a teacher. Therefore, we can conclude that the measures for attracting new students should also be individually adapted to the motives for their career choice. For example, in a counselling interview, the motives for choosing a profession should be discussed and compared with the requirements for studying and later working life. (DIPF/Orig.)

Teachers are key players in transforming the education system (van der Heijden et al., 2015). They shape educational processes, influence school policies, and make day‐to‐day decisions that have a direct effect on students (Vähäsantanen, 2015). Yet we currently know very little about whether they can contribute to the creation of social equality of opportunity. This article focuses by way of example on the experiences and interpretative schemes of teachers in Germany, as the country is known for its highly selective school system. It draws on data from an exploratory study based on 20 narrative interviews (Rosenthal, 2018) with schoolteachers at three comprehensive schools in East and West Germany, which were selected because comprehensive schools in Germany see themselves as a more equal‐opportunity form of education. The article begins by identifying four types of teacher action orientations in addressing the social differences of schoolchildren. Unexpectedly, only a few teachers exhibited a socially conscious inclination to act—for example, by providing targeted support to schoolchildren from socially disadvantaged households. In the second step, by comparing teacher biographies, school environments, and historical imprints, the article attempts to identify certain conditions under which teachers perceive themselves as responsible for addressing social differences among students. Beyond illustrating the interplay of biographical experiences and school culture, the study’s east–west contextualization opens up a new perspective for examining the lingering implications of the German half‐day schooling model even after the introduction of all‐day schooling in 2003. One possible conclusion is that the transformation of the German school system from a half‐day to an all‐day model has not taken the tasks of teachers into account, which, as this article points out, would be important in making them aware of schoolchildren’s different social backgrounds and their effects on achievement.

\"Debate continues in many European countries about both equality of opportunity and the continuing wastage of talent, and the ways in which differing systems of secondary schooling contribute to these. Drawing on Turner's concepts of sponsored and contest mobility and on Allmendinger's classification along the dimensions of stratification and selection, we describe the amount of flexibility currently in the German secondary school system which, despite ongoing reforms, is still stratified and selective. Earlier research suggests that the sorting process is socially, not just academically, selective. Building on this, we analyse factors influencing whether individuals make use of the available opportunities for changing track. We find that, rather than alleviating the early social inequality, these opportunities reinforce it since young people from more privileged backgrounds are more likely to benefit from flexibility, whereas disadvantaged individuals are more likely to drop out of the academic track. Most earlier relevant work has used regression-based methods, but we use an alternative configurational method, Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Using this set theoretic approach allows us, when exploring what conjunctions of factors are sufficient conditions for the types of mobility we focus upon, to move beyond the limitations of a 'net effects' approach.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: empirisch-quantitativ; empirisch; Sekundäranalyse. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 2003 bis 2007.

In der Schulklasse wird zwar viel geforscht, zu der Frage, wie Schulklassen hergestellt werden, jedoch kaum. Angesichts bisher vorliegender explorativer ethnografischer Studien, die sich für die Performativität von Schulklassen als diskursiv und körperlich hergestellte Ordnung interessieren, wird in dem Beitrag für den Anfang neuer 5. Klassen nach den in Artefakten und ihren Praktiken hergestellten normativen Vorstellungen der Schulklasse gefragt. Erkundet wird damit das Potenzial einer praxistheoretischen Perspektivierung der Erforschung der Schulklasse als eine sich materialisierende Kultur, die auch schrift- und zeichentragende Artefakte einbezieht. An Daten aus ethnografischen Beobachtungen zum Anfang neuer 5. Klassen werden Artefakte und ihr situativer Gebrauch in Bezug auf implizite, normativ erwünschte Vorstellungen zur Schulklasse betrachtet. Insgesamt zeigt sich die Herstellung der Schulklasse in dieser praxistheoretischen Perspektivierung auf die ersten Tage neuer 5. Klassen als eine zuvorderst auf ein gemeinsames Tun ausgerichtete soziale Praxis. (DIPF/Orig.) A lot of studies are interested in relationships between students and teachers and students that develop within school classes, but there is hardly any research on the social construction of school classes. Against the background of ethnographic studies available so far, which investigate the performativity of school classes as a discursively and bodily produced order, this article asks for the normative conceptions of the school class, which is produced in artefacts and their practices in the beginning of new 5th grades in secondary schools. This paper explores the potential of a practice-theoretical perspective on the study of the school class as a materializing culture, therefore it concentrates on artefacts bearing writing and signs. Using empirical data from participant observations of the beginning of new 5th grades, artefacts and their situational use are considered in relation to implicit, normatively desired conceptions of the school class. Overall, this practice-theoretical perspective on the first days of new 5th grades reveals the production of the school class as a social practice that is first and foremost oriented towards doing things together. (DIPF/Orig.)

Autorität bezeichnet ein anerkanntes Führungsverhältnis, dessen Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung konstitutiv ungewiss, zugleich aber für pädagogisches Handeln unumgänglich ist. Professionelles Handeln von Lehrkräften steht entsprechend vor der Notwendigkeit, sich der immer nur vorübergehenden Anerkennung des Führungsverhältnisses zu vergewissern. Der Beitrag beleuchtet, wie Autorität im Unterricht beansprucht wird und wie damit Gewissheit hinsichtlich der pädagogischen Handlungsfähigkeit herzustellen versucht wird. Dafür wird eine performativitätstheoretische Perspektive auf Autorität, als eine sich qua Anerkennung vollziehende Autorisierung, eingenommen und empirisch der Anfang des Unterrichts fokussiert. Die Analysen zeigen unterschiedliche Formen der Beanspruchung und Anerkennung von Autorität zum Unterrichtsbeginn auf. So wird zugleich die permanente Bearbeitung von Ungewissheit hinsichtlich des pädagogischen Führungsverhältnisses sichtbar. (DIPF/Orig.) Authority refers to an acknowledged leadership relationship. Its creation and maintenance are constitutively uncertain, but at the same time indispensable for teaching. Accordingly, teachers are confronted with the necessity of ensuring their authority, even though it is only temporary. The article examines how authority is claimed in the classroom and how this is used to create certainty with regard to the pedagogical ability to act. Therefore, a perspective on authority, as an authorization that takes place in the performed recognitions, is adopted and empirically focuses on the beginning of the lessons. The analyses show the many forms of claiming and recognizing authority at the beginning of a lesson. At the same time, the permanent handling of uncertainty regarding the pedagogical leadership relationship becomes visible. (DIPF/Orig.)

Wie fachliche Vermittlungsprozesse in inklusiven Klassen im Schulalltag umgesetzt werden, wurde trotz der Relevanz dieser Frage für Theorie und Praxis bislang selten untersucht. Anhand einer Doppelstunde Geschichtsunterrichts in einer stark heterogenen, achten Klasse einer integrierten Gesamtschule konnte sequenzanalytisch ein didaktisches Muster rekonstruiert werden, das als inklusiv zu bezeichnen ist und zugleich fachlichen Ansprüchen genügt. Obwohl keine digitalen Medien zum Einsatz gekommen sind, mutet das vorgefundene didaktische Handeln wie eine interaktive Geschichtsdokumentation an. Es drängen sich tieferliegende Gemeinsamkeiten von Didaktik und Programmierung auf, die die Wahrnehmung von digitalisierungsbezogenen Innovationen schulischen Unterrichts schärfen dürften. (DIPF/Orig.) The realisation of subject-related processes in everyday inclusive lessons has been rarely investigated so far, even though the relevance of this topic for theory and practice is unquestioned. A didactic pattern could be reconstructed by sequence analysis that can be described as inclusive and simultaneously meets subject-specific demands based on a two-hour history lesson in a comprehensive school's highly heterogeneous eighth-grade class. Although no digital media were used, the found practice reminds of interactive history documentation. There are deeper commonalities between didactics and programming, which should sharpen the perception of digitalisation-related innovations in school lessons. (DIPF/Orig.)

Die Verbesserung der Qualität des deutschen Schulwesens hat eine hohe Priorität für diverse Interessensvertreter erlangt. Gleichzeitig entwickelte sich das Konzept des evidenzbasierten Managements (EBMgt). Der vorliegende Aufsatz zielt darauf ab, das Konzept des evidenzbasierten Schulmanagements (EBSMgt) zu etablieren. Vorhergehende Forschung hat gezeigt, dass EBMgt aus drei Dimensionen besteht: (a) externe Evidenzorientierung (EE), (b) interne Evidenzorientierung (IE) und Orientierung an Evidenzsubstituten (ES; Stumm, Mohr & Dormann, 2010). Wir haben die Skalen von Stumm et al. in einer Stichprobe von N = 2573 Lehrern/innen und N = 296 Schulleitern/innen und ihren Stellvertretern/innen in N = 168 Schulen in Rheinland-Pfalz (RLP) validiert. Die berücksichtigten Schultypen repräsentierten 92.3 % der in RLP vorkommenden Schulen. Hauptkomponentenanalysen der Daten von Lehrern/innen und Schulleitern/ innen bestätigten die dreifaktorielle Struktur. Für IE (Lehrer/innen: .87; Schulleiter/innen: .74) und EE (.79 bzw. .69) waren die Alphas zufriedenstellend, wohingegen sie für ES geringer waren (.53 bzw. .59). Weiterhin zeigten Varianzkomponentenanalysen, dass innerhalb von Schulen bezüglich EE geteilte Wahrnehmungen existierten (ICC1), wohingegen die ICC1 bei IE und ES geringer ausfiel. Multilevelanalysen ergaben erwartungskonforme Beziehungen der drei Skalen mit Variablen, die zur Kriteriumsvalidierung eingesetzt wurden (z. B. bereits zuvor genutzte Evidenz oder Nützlichkeitseinschätzungen von Evidenz). Dichotomisierung und Kreuztabellierung ergaben verschiedene EBSMgt-\"Typen\", von denen der Idealtyp (hohe IE und EE, geringe ES; 19.75 %) und der evidenzabgewandte Typ (geringe IE und EE, hohe ES; 18.47 %) am häufigsten vorkamen. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Forschung liegt darin, dass mit den drei Skalen ein Instrument bereitgestellt wird, um EBSMgt als unterschiedliche Typen des Schulmanagements zu erfassen. Damit ist eine Grundlage dafür geschaffen, in weiteren Studien Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung von EBSMgt zu identifizieren und verschiedenartige Konsequenzen von EBSMgt zu untersuchen. (DIPF/Orig.). Improving the quality of the German educational system has become a pivotal interest among several stakeholders. In parallel, the concept of evidence-based management (EBMgt) has emerged. The present paper deals with establishing the concept of evidence-based school management (EBSMgt). Previous research has established EBMgt as consisting of three dimensions: (a) external evidence orientation (EE), (b) internal evidence orientation (IE), and (c) evidence substitute orientation (ES; Stumm, Mohr, & Dormann, 2010). We applied the scales developed by Stumm et al. to a sample of N = 2,573 teachers and to N = 296 school principals and their deputies employed at N = 168 schools in the state Rhineland- Palatinate (RLP) of Germany. The types of schools considered reflect 92.3 % of the schools in RLP. Principal component analyses for teachers and for principals confirmed the three-dimensional structure of EBSMgt. Alphas were satisfactory for IE (teachers: .87; principals: .74) and for EE (.79 & .69, resp.), but they were lower for ES (.53 & .59, resp.). Furthermore, variance component analyses revealed shared perceptions within schools (ICC1) for EE. ICC1 for IE and ES was weaker. Multilevel modeling revealed meaningful relations for the three scales with variables used for validation purposes (e.g., previously used evidence and usefulness ratings of evidence). Dichotomizing the three scales and cross-tabulation yielded several EBSMgt \"types\", of which the ideal EBSMgt type (high IE & EE, low ES; 19.75 %) and the evidence-averted type (low IE & EE, high ES; 18.47 %) were most common. A major contribution of the present study is the provision of the three scales, which allow assessing EBSMgt in terms of different types of school management. This provides a foundation for future studies to identify ways to improve EBSMgt and to investigate its various consequences. (DIPF/Orig.).