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Enforcing the convict code : violence and prison culture
The author used qualitative data collected in 2005 and 2006 in California to explore how former inmates (men and women) understand and explain prison violence and inmate culture--Chapter 1.
Book
Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences - results of a representative survey in Germany
Parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic is highly challenging, with parents having to meet various demands simultaneously. An increase in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been widely predicted, but empirical evidence is still scarce. This study aimed to (1) generate representative data on pandemic-related stress, parental stress, general stress, parental subjective and mental health, and the occurrence of ACEs; (2) identify risk factors for an increase in ACEs, and (3) provide qualitative data on parents' experiences. A representative survey was conducted in Germany in August 2020 with 1024 parents of underage children (Mage = 41.70, 50.9% female). More than 50% of parents reported being stressed by social distancing and the closure of schools and childcare facilities. Parental stress increased significantly during the pandemic (d = 0.21). Subgroups of parents also reported very high levels of depressive symptoms (12.3%) and anxiety (9.7%). Up to one-third of the sample reported ACEs in the child's lifetime. In this group, 29.1% reported an increase in children witnessing domestic violence during the pandemic, and 42.2% an increase verbal emotional abuse. These families were characterized by higher parental stress, job losses, and younger parent and child age. Positive aspects of the pandemic related primarily to personal or family life (e.g. slower pace of life, increase in family time). While some parents coped well, a particularly negative pattern was observed in a subgroup of families that experienced an increase in ACEs. Parental stress emerged as important target point for interventions addressing the negative sequelae of the pandemic.
Journal Article
Exposure to Family Violence and Adolescent Aggression in Multiple Social Contexts: Classroom Social Resources as Moderators
Using a risk and resilience framework, the present study examined perceived classroom social resources (teacher control, teacher-student support, and supportive student-student relationships) as moderators of the association between family violence (parent-to-child physical violence, intimate partner violence (IPV) between parents) and aggression toward parents, schoolteachers, and dating partners. Data were drawn from a large self-report school survey of ninth grade students in Lower Saxony, Germany (n = 10,638) from which three subsamples were generated (n = 3548, n = 3534, and n = 4351). Controlling for demographic, behavioral, and school factors, results showed that parent-to-child physical violence was consistently related to aggression across social contexts, while IPV showed significant associations with adolescent-to-parent physical aggression. Against expectations, teacher control was linked with more frequent verbal aggression toward dating partners, while teacher-student suppport was associated with lower verbal aggression across contexts as well as with lower physical aggression toward dating partners. Supportive student-student relationships were associated with less frequent verbal aggression toward parents and dating partners as well as with less frequent physical aggression toward teachers. Furthermore, three significant interaction terms were identified: Students exposed to more frequent IPV and perceiving higher-quality classroom resources (teacher control and supportive student-student relationships) reported less aggression toward parents than at-risk students who perceived classroom resources as low. Intervention programs may benefit from an approach that aims to reduce exposure to violence in the family, while targeting the buffering potential of teacher control and student-student relationships regarding aggression toward parents.
Journal Article
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic On Violence Against Children: A Narrative Review
Purpose of Review
The goal of this paper was to explore the different ways the COVID-19 pandemic has affected violence against children (VAC).
Recent Findings
Recent research of peer-reviewed articles using operational or survey data revealed the pandemic’s impact in terms of institutional responses, risk and mediating factors, changes in VAC dynamics, and a likely increase in child marriage.
Summary
Findings include a decrease in institutional responses, activities, and prevention case openings; an increased incidence of interparental intimate partner violence (IPV) witnessing cases, hospital admissions for suspected Abusive Head Trauma (AHT), other pediatric injuries, and sexual violence; a change in family conflict dynamics; and an estimated increase in child marriages. It also revealed mediating factors between the relationship of the pandemic and VAC (such as parental stress and mental health symptoms), as well as risk factors observed by service providers, which include the risk of mental health symptoms of both parents and children. Post-pandemic VAC research can be improved by utilizing operational or survey data in a meaningful way to be able to derive sound intervention approaches to diminish the pandemic’s impact on VAC and child marriage. We also propose for researchers to integrate child marriage into the definition of VAC.
Journal Article
‘Mind the Gaps’: Exploring Regional and Gender Patterns in Threats to Ethiopian Adolescents’ Bodily Integrity
Spurred by international commitments to address age- and gender-based violence, this article uses a capabilities framework to address an important data gap on violence against adolescents in Ethiopia. It draws on mixed-methods data collected in 2019/2020 in three diverse rural regions. This includes surveys completed by 5539 girls and boys as well as 819 qualitative interviews with adolescents, caregivers, community members, and service providers. We find that threats to adolescents’ bodily integrity are shaped by a complex interplay of age, gender, and socio-cultural environment. Girls are less able than boys to enjoy freedom of movement and control over their bodies, and age-related violence is often deeply gendered in ways that are context specific. Differences in service provisioning augment already large gaps between adolescents in different regions. To tackle threats to adolescents’ bodily integrity, awareness-raising efforts need to be twinned with improved access to education, health, social protection, and justice services.
Journal Article
Child protection policy: Understanding drivers of violence affecting children in Côte d’Ivoire
Motivation: Since the campaign launched by UNICEF in 2013, the momentum for measuring violence has grown significantly. Such studies generally measure risk and protective factors at the individual and interpersonal levels, but often overlook the critical institutional and structural drivers of violence. Purpose: This article demonstrates how socioeconomic transformations, including \"modern\" forms of violence fuelled by social fragmentation, armed conflict and urbanization, are important conditions favouring violence against children. Approach and methods: The article offers a systematic literature review following protocols in the original Multi-Country Study on the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children, an approach first proposed by the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Findings: We underline two main changes among the drivers of violence in Côte d'Ivoire: economic crisis and urbanization, which combine to foster a climate of violence; and politico-military crisis, which also creates a fertile ground for violence and its acceptance. Policy implications: Child protection policy in Côte d'Ivoire is out of step with the evolution of the social context. It is mainly oriented towards \"traditional\" practices, which contrast with newer forms of violence developed over the past 30 years. The article shows that the country's child protection policy does not take these changes sufficiently into account, and argues for policy change. © The Authors 2021. Development Policy Review © 2021 Overseas Development Institute
Paper