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Challenges and opportunities for control and elimination of soil-transmitted helminth infection beyond 2020
[...]as we turn our sights towards and beyond 2020, the Committee recognized it as timely to review and assess the successes and challenges of progress made to date. PC, preventive chemotherapy; PSAC, preschool children; WHO, World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007201.g002 There have been many important developments by the time the Committee convened in November 2017, but six are particularly noteworthy: * updated PC guidelines published by WHO for all at-risk populations [13]; * the Bellagio Declaration focusing on girls and WRA [14]; * widening of WHO’s engagement with experts around the globe [15]; * success of the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) [16]; * increasing importance for deworming programs to measure impact [17]; and * the launch by WHO-AFRO of the Expanded Special Project on the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) portal (http://espen.afro.who.int), which provides—for the first—subnational data on disease endemicity and PC coverage for each of the five PC-NTDs, including STH infection. Current approaches to measuring impact vary across countries and across deworming program implementers, limiting comparability and the possibility to appreciate changes over time and across countries and regions. [...]impact data are not readily available, with most of the evaluations conducted by research groups. Consistent with these needs is a recognized gap in our current knowledge of disease transmission at low prevalence and persistent environmental factors that facilitate transmission. [...]there is a renewed need to clearly identify research gaps and questions that would facilitate implementation in these settings.
Journal Article
State-of-the-art fertility preservation in children and adolescents undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a report on the expert meeting of the Paediatric Diseases Working Party (PDWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) in Baden, Austria, 29–30 September 2015
Nowadays, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a well-established treatment procedure and often the only cure for many patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases. Decrease in short-term complications has substantially contributed to increased survival. Therefore long-term sequelae are reaching the focus of patient care. One of the most important risks of stem cell transplant survivors is infertility. As well as in the field of allo-HSCT also the field of reproductive medicine has achieved substantial advances to offer potential options for fertility preservation in both boys and girls. Access to these procedures as well as their financing differs significantly throughout Europe. As all European children and adolescents should have the same possibility, the Paediatric Diseases Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation organised an expert meeting in September 2015. This manuscript describes the recommendations for the diagnosis and pre-emptive procedures that should be offered to all children and adolescents in Europe who have to undergo an allo-HSCT.
Journal Article
Raising our Voices
I raise up my voice – not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard … we cannot all succeed when half of us are held back. Malala Yousafzai, sixteenth birthday speech, United Nations, New York, 20131 Malala Yousafzai was born in the Taliban-occupied district of Swat in Pakistan in 1997, two years after the pivotal Fourth World Conference on Women. At that conference, Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto emphasized the power of women leaders in government, especially Muslim women. Nonetheless, in 2012, Malala and two other girls were shot on their way home from school by a Taliban gunman In 2014, Malala became co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize along with Kailish Satyarthi of India. We have come so far, and yet not so far at all.
Journal Article
Children’s dreams
In the 1930s C. G. Jung embarked upon a bold investigation into childhood dreams as remembered by adults to better understand their significance to the lives of the dreamers. Jung presented his findings in a four-year seminar series at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.Children's Dreamsmarks their first publication in English, and fills a critical gap in Jung's collected works.
Here we witness Jung the clinician more vividly than ever before--and he is witty, impatient, sometimes authoritarian, always wise and intellectually daring, but also a teacher who, though brilliant, could be vulnerable, uncertain, and humbled by life's great mysteries. These seminars represent the most penetrating account of Jung's insights into children's dreams and the psychology of childhood. At the same time they offer the best example of group supervision by Jung, presenting his most detailed and thorough exposition of Jungian dream analysis and providing a picture of how he taught others to interpret dreams. Presented here in an inspired English translation commissioned by the Philemon Foundation, these seminars reveal Jung as an impassioned educator in dialogue with his students and developing the practice of analytical psychology.
An invaluable document of perhaps the most important psychologist of the twentieth century at work, this splendid volume is the fullest representation of Jung's views on the interpretation of children's dreams, and signals a new wave in the publication of Jung's collected works as well as a renaissance in contemporary Jung studies.
eBook
Child welfare and social action in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
This collection of twelve essays represents an important contribution to the understanding of child welfare and social action in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They challenge many assumptions about the history of childhood and child welfare policy and cover a variety of themes including the physical and sexual abuse of children, forced child migration and role of the welfare state.
eBook
Global campaigns for girls' and women's education, 2000-2017: insights from transnational social movement theory
Recent decades have witnessed a growing number of global campaigns on girls' and women's education, including major global policy initiatives such as the MDGs and the SDGs. While scholars have critically analysed the conceptualisations of gender, equality and development in such campaigns, and their significance for national level policy and practice, less has been written about why and how girls' education came to be such a high profile feature of international policy frameworks. This paper draws on perspectives from transnational social movement theory, which has been used by gender scholars to explore the activities and significance of non-governmental organisations for agenda-setting at the global level. In this paper these perspectives are applied to the field of global education policy, through an analysis of evidence from international conferences, data on aid flows and interviews with key policy actors, to explore the factors behind rise of the global agenda on gender equality in education. In doing so, it suggests that the current dominant framing around girls' education, access and quality, may be explained by the relatively weak involvement of non-governmental women's groups in proportion to the strong involvement of multilaterals, bilateral agencies, national governments and more recently, private sector organisations.
Journal Article
The association between menarche and myopia and its interaction with related risk behaviors among Chinese school-aged girls: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Nearly 80% of new cases of myopia arise between 9 and 13 years old when puberty development also progresses rapidly. However, little is known about the association between myopia and puberty. We aim to evaluate the association between myopia and menarche, the most important puberty indicator for girls, and to test whether menarche could modify the effects of myopia-related behaviors. The participants came from two consecutive national surveys conducted in 30 provinces in mainland China in 2010 and 2014. We included 102,883 girls (61% had experienced menarche) aged 10–15 years. Risk behaviors for myopia which included sleep duration, homework time, and outdoor activity were measured by self-administrated questionnaire. Myopia was defined according to a validated method, and its relationships with menarche status and behaviors were evaluated by robust Poisson regression models based on generalized estimated equation adjusting for cluster effect of school. We found that postmenarche girls were at 13% (95% confidence interval: 11%–16%) higher risk of myopia than premenarche girls, after adjusting for exact age, urban–rural location, survey year, and four behavioral covariates. Short sleep duration (<7 h/d), long homework time (>1 h/d) and low frequency of weekend outdoor activity tended to be stronger (with higher prevalence ratios associated with myopia) risk factors for myopia in postmenarche girls than in premenarche girls, and their interaction with menarche status was all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Overall, our study suggests that menarche onset may be associated with increased risk of myopia among school-aged girls and could also enhance girls’ sensitivity to myopia-related risk behaviors.
Journal Article
Forced Marriage, Slavery, and Plural Legal Systems: An African Example
Slavery, long abolished under international law, left a devastating imprint on Africa. However, enslavement of women through forced marriages remains a common phenomenon in many African states. These African states share the common feature of legal pluralism where traditional legal systems continue to be observed alongside national laws in which slavery is outlawed. Where traditional practices condone the marriage of underage girls who are legally unable to consent, the questioning of age-old accepted forms of marriage can generate strong reactions. This article traces the position of forced and child marriages in international law, and investigates how legality becomes a moveable target when legal systems exist in parallel. Despite international and African Union conventions on slavery and human rights declaring that marriages not based on the full and free consent of both parties are considered a violation of human rights and a form of slavery, these practices persist. These instruments are assessed to gauge the level of conformity (or variance) of African state practice where forced marriages commonly occur. Importantly, the reasons behind noncompliance and the impact of legal pluralism are explored in African states where forced marriages commonly occur.
Journal Article