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Imaging of salivary gland cancers derived from a sublingual gland herniated into the submandibular space: a report of three cases
Sublingual gland herniation into the submandibular space through a mylohyoid muscle defect is a common anatomical variation; however, salivary gland cancers that arise from a herniated sublingual gland have not been described yet. Here, we report three patients with salivary gland cancers originating from a herniated sublingual gland. All tumors were detected as palpable submandibular masses, located anterior to the submandibular gland, medial to the mandible, and lateral to the mylohyoid muscle, with contact with the sublingual gland through a mylohyoid muscle defect. Intraoperative findings confirmed that the masses were derived from herniated sublingual glands. Pathological examination showed one case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and two cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Imaging findings of the tumor location, in addition to the continuity with the sublingual gland through the mylohyoid muscle defect, are crucial for accurately diagnosing the tumor origin, which is essential for determining the appropriate clinical management.
Journal Article
Learning about the endocrine and reproductive systems
\"Learn how these two wonderful systems work together to ensure the survival of the human race and discover some amazing facts about them both\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Molecular characterization of the salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma immune landscape by anatomic subsites
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a slow-growing salivary gland malignancy that relapses frequently. AdCCs of the submandibular gland exhibit unique differences in prognosis and treatment response to adjuvant radiotherapy compared to other sites, yet the role of tumor anatomic subsite on gene expression and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) composition remains unclear. We used 87 samples, including 48 samples (27 AdCC and 21 normal salivary gland tissue samples) from 4 publicly available AdCC RNA sequencing datasets, a validation set of 33 minor gland AdCCs, and 39 samples from an in-house cohort (30 AdCC and 9 normal salivary gland samples). RNA sequencing data were used for single sample gene set enrichment analysis and TIME deconvolution. Quantitative PCR and multiplex immunofluorescence were performed on the in-house cohort. Wilcoxon rank-sum, nonparametric equality-of-medians tests and linear regression models were used to evaluate tumor subsite differences. AdCCs of different anatomic subsites including parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands differed with respect to expression of several key tumorigenic pathways. Among the three major salivary glands, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway signature was significantly underexpressed in AdCC of submandibular compared to parotid and sublingual glands while this association was not observed among normal glands. Additionally, the NRF2 pathway, whose expression was associated with favorable overall survival, was overexpressed in AdCCs of parotid gland compared to minor and submandibular glands. The TIME deconvolution identified differences in CD4
+
T cell populations between AdCC of major and minor glands and natural killer (NK) cells among AdCC of minor, submandibular, and parotid glands while plasma cells were enriched in normal submandibular glands compared to other normal gland controls. Our data reveal key molecular differences in AdCC of different anatomic subsites. The ROS and NRF2 pathways are underexpressed in submandibular and minor AdCCs compared to parotid gland AdCCs, and NRF2 pathway expression is associated with favorable overall survival. The CD4
+
T, NK, and plasma cell populations also vary by tumor subsites, suggesting that the observed submandibular AdCC tumor-intrinsic pathway differences may be responsible for influencing the TIME composition and survival differences.
Journal Article
Surgical management and lymph-node biopsy of rare malignant cutaneous adnexal carcinomas: a population-based analysis of 7591 patients
Objective
To analyze the prognosis of cutaneous adnexal malignancies, survival relative to surgical management, and utility of lymph-node biopsy.
Design
Population-based study of the SEER-18 database from 1975 to 2016.
Participants
7591 patients with sweat gland carcinoma, hidradenocarcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, sclerosing sweat duct tumor/microcystic adnexal tumor (SSDT/MAC), porocarcinoma, eccrine adenocarcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma
Results
Five-year OS ranged from 68.0 to 82.6%, while 5-year DSS ranged from 94.6 to 99.0%. The majority of patients were treated with narrow (42.4%) or wide local excision (16.9%). DSS at 5 years showed that patients with stage IV had significantly poorer survival (50.3%) than I, II, or III (99.3%, 97.8%, and 89.0% respectively). 5-year OS was significantly higher for narrow excision (excision with < 1 cm margin, 78.5%) than observation (65.0%), excisional biopsy (66.8%), or wide local excision (WLE, 73.2%). Lymph-node biopsy was performed in a minority of cases (8.1%) and patients showed no significant difference in survival based on nodal status. The sensitivity and specificity of lymph-node biopsy for all malignancies were 46% and 80%, respectively. The PPV and NPV for that group were 0.46 and 0.80, respectively. Invasion of deep extradermal structures was a poor predictor of nodal positivity.
Conclusions
These malignancies have excellent DSS. Narrow excisions demonstrate better 5-year DSS and OS compared with WLE. Lymph-node biopsy is a poor predictor of survival in advanced stage disease and utility is limited.
Journal Article
What happens when I sweat?
Introduces the sweat glands, discussing their function and secretions.
Book
SOX10 is a novel marker of acinus and intercalated duct differentiation in salivary gland tumors: a clue to the histogenesis for tumor diagnosis
Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare and morphologically diverse and heterogeneous tumors; therefore, histogenesis-based tumor markers are sorely needed to aid in diagnosing and determining the cell type of origin. SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX10) protein is a transcription factor known to be crucial in the specification of the neural crest and maintenance of Schwann cells and melanocytes. In addition, positive expression has also been implicated in the major salivary gland. Here, we examined SOX10 expression in various salivary gland tumors to correlate this expression with myoepithelial markers. Overall, 76 malignant and 14 benign tumors were examined. SOX10 expression clearly delineated two distinct subtypes of human salivary gland tumors; acinic cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas, myoepithelial carcinomas, and pleomorphic adenomas, including the pleomorphic adenoma component of carcinoma, were SOX10 positive, while salivary duct carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, an oncocytic carcinoma, Oncocytomas, and Warthin tumors were SOX10 negative. Also, SOX10 was expressed in solid-type or non-specific morphology salivary gland tumors, but was not expressed in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In normal human salivary gland tissue, SOX10 expression was specific to the nuclei of acini and both luminal and abluminal cells of intercalated ducts but not in other sites. Moreover, the murine model suggested that SOX10 continued to be expressed from the developmental stage to adulthood in the acinar and both luminal and abluminal intercalated ducts in the major salivary gland. Thus, SOX10 is a novel marker for diagnosing and understanding the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors.
Journal Article
Investigation of the effects of benznidazole on the salivary glands: A biochemical, morphological, and functional approach
This study aimed to evaluate the possible biochemical effects of the administration of benznidazole on the parotid and submandibular salivary glands and saliva of rats, as well as on salivary components for the first time. Male Wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus ), 66-days-old, weighing approximately 250 g were randomized into two groups: control, administered distilled water by gavage and benznidazole, administered benznidazole at a dose of 19.6 mg/kg daily by gavage over 15 days. On the 16th day, the animals were anaesthetized and the parotid and submandibular salivary glands and saliva were collected for oxidative biochemistry and morphometric analyses, and the biochemical composition of the saliva was also assessed. On the 16th day, the animals were anesthetized and their pilocarpine-induced saliva was collected. They were then euthanized to collect the parotid and submandibular salivary glands for oxidative biochemical and morphometric analyses, and the biochemical composition of the saliva was also assessed. Shapiro–Wilk normality analysis and Student’s t-test was used for parametric data and non-parametric data, respectively, with a significance of p < 0.05. The oxidative biochemical results revealed a reduction in the antioxidant capacity of the parotid and submandibular glands in benznidazole group. Morphometric analyses revealed an increase in the average area of the acini in both glands and a reduction in the stromal area of the parotid gland in the benznidazole group. Salivary analyses demonstrated a decrease in antioxidant levels and an increase in pro-oxidant levels in the group exposed to benznidazole. Total proteins, amylase, and mucin levels reduced in the exposed group. Thus, administration of benznidazole conclusively caused biochemical alterations in the antioxidant and morphological capacities of the salivary glands, followed by biochemical and protein alterations in the saliva, highlighting the possible damage caused by the drug in patients during the treatment of Chagas disease.
Journal Article