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Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health concern with varying levels and trends across countries and regions. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, we examine IBD incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates in 198 countries from 1990 to 2019. To assess changes in the burden of IBD, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the future 30-year trends of IBD. Results In 2019, there were 405,000 new IBD cases globally (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 361,000 to 457,000), with 41,000 deaths (95% UI 35,000 to 45,000) and 1.62million DALYs (95% UI 1.36–1.92million). The global age-standardized incidence rate in 2019 was 4.97 per 100,000 person-years (95% UI 4.43 to 5.59), with a mortality rate of 0.54 (95% UI 0.46 to 0.59) and DALYs rate of 20.15 (95% UI 16.86 to 23.71). From 1990 to 2019, EAPC values for incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates were − 0.60 (95% UI − 0.73 to − 0.48), − 0.69 (95% UI − 0.81 to − 0.57), and − 1.04 (95% UI − 1.06 to − 1.01), respectively. Overall, the burden of IBD has shown a slow decline in recent years. In SDI stratification, regions with higher initial SDI (high-income North America and Central Europe) witnessed decreasing incidence and mortality rates with increasing SDI, while regions with lower initial SDI (South Asia, Oceania, and Latin America) experienced a rapid rise in incidence but a decrease in mortality with increasing SDI. Predictions using a Bayesian model showed lower new cases and deaths from 2020 to 2050 than reference values, while the slope of the predicted incidence-time curve closely paralleled that of the 2019 data. Conclusion Increasing cases, deaths, and DALYs highlight the sustained burden of IBD on public health. Developed countries have stabilized or declining incidence rates but face high prevalence and societal burden. Emerging and developing countries experience rising incidence. Understanding these changes aids policymakers in effectively addressing IBD challenges in different regions and economic contexts.

Dermatitis is an important global health problem that not only affects social interaction and physical and mental health but also causes economic burden. Health problems or distress caused by dermatitis may be easily overlooked, and relevant epidemiological data are limited. Therefore, a better understanding of the burden of dermatitis is necessary for developing global intervention strategies. All data on dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis (AD), contact dermatitis (CD) and seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD2019) database. The extracted age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rates (ASDR) data were analysed by stratification, including by sex, country or region, and sociodemographic index (SDI) indicators. Finally, we analysed the correlation between the global burden of dermatitis and socioeconomic development status. According to the GBD 2019 estimate, the ASIR and ASDR for the three major types of dermatitis in 2019 were 5244.3988 (95% CI 4551.7244-5979.3176) per 100,000 person-years and 131.6711 (95% CI 77.5876-206.8796) per 100,000 person-years. The ASIR and ASDR of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis are: Incidence (95%CI,per 100,000 person-years), 327.91 (312.76-343.67), 3066.04 (2405.38-3755.38), 1850.44 (1706.25- 1993.74); DALYs (95%CI, per 100,000 person-years), 99.69 (53.09-167.43), 28.06 (17.62-41.78), 3.93 (2.24-6.25). In addition, among the three dermatitis types, the greatest burden was associated with AD. According to the ASDR from 1990 to 2019, the burden of dermatitis has exhibited a slow downward trend in recent years. In 2019, the ASIR showed that the USA had the greatest burden, while the ASDR showed that Asian countries (such as Japan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan) and some European countries (France, Estonia) had the greatest burden. According to SDI stratification and the three major dermatitis types, high ASIR and ASDR corresponded to high SDI areas (especially for AD). The burden of dermatitis is related to socioeconomic development status, especially for AD, which is positively correlated with the SDI. The results based on GBD2019 data are valuable for formulating policy, preventing and treating dermatitis and reducing the global burden of dermatitis.

The aim of the present study was to clarify the global relationship between Mediterranean diet score (MDS) and the incidence of IHD by country using international statistics. The incidence of IHD by country was derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. Average supplies of food (g/d per capita) and energy (kcal/d per capita) by country, excluding loss between production and household, were obtained from the FAOSTAT database. MDS was evaluated based on the total score of nine food items that characterize the Mediterranean diet. The association between MDS and the incidence of IHD was examined in countries with a population of 1 million or greater using a general linear model controlled for socio-economic and lifestyle variables. Population data from global international databases.ParticipantsOne hundred and thirty-two countries with a population of over 1 million. MDS was inversely correlated with obesity rate, ageing rate, years of education and IHD incidence; however, no associations were found with gross domestic product, life expectancy, smoking rate, energy supply or health expenditure. In the general linear model of IHD incidence by MDS controlled for socio-economic and lifestyle variables, the β of the MDS was -26·4 (se 8·6; P<0·01). The results of this global international comparative study confirmed that the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with the incidence of IHD.

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) is a health burden metric that combines years of life lost due to disease disability and premature mortality. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) has been using DALYs to determine the health burden associated with numerous health risks, including risks associated with dietary intakes, at the global and national level. To translate such information at the food level in the U.S., variables in What We Eat in America (WWEIA) need to be aligned with those in the GBD. In this paper, we develop the necessary new variables needed to account for differences in definitions and units between WWEIA and the GBD. We use the Food Patterns Equivalents Database, Food Patterns Equivalents Ingredient Database, Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, and Standard Reference databases that provide data for WWEIA to develop food group and nutrient variables that align with definitions and units used in the GBD. Considerable effort was needed to disaggregate mixed dishes to GBD components. We also developed a new “non-starchy” vegetable variable, since the GBD vegetables do not include potatoes and corn, and we report fruits and vegetables in grams instead of household measures. New fiber variables were created to avoid double counting of fiber from legumes, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Regression analyses were used to predict trans-fat content for foods in WWEIA with missing or incomplete information. The majority of foods in various U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) categories contain multiple GBD food groups (e.g., vegetables, whole grains, and processed meat). For most nutrients considered in the GBD, composition is more evenly distributed across the main food categories; however, seafood omega-3 fats were predominantly from either protein foods or mixed dishes and sugar sweetened beverages were from a single category. Dietary intakes in the U.S. fall short of recommendations for all food groups/nutrients with established theoretical minimum-risk targets in GBD. To our knowledge, this is the first approach that aligns WWEIA intake variables with those used in the health burden-based GBD reports. These methods will facilitate researchers to begin comparing data from the U.S. with that from other countries, as well as assess food sustainability performances by concomitantly evaluating DALYs for environmental and nutritional impacts.

Background and objectives Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor dysfunction and non-motor symptoms like cognitive decline and depression. With the aging global population, PD incidence is anticipated to rise, especially in regions with rapidly growing elderly populations. This study leverages Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data to analyze the burden of PD by region, sex, and age group, examining trends from 1992 to 2021 and projecting the future burden to 2030. Methods Data from the GBD 2021 database for the years 1992–2021 were analyzed to assess age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and mortality of PD across socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, sex, and age groups. The Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model was used to explore temporal trends, while the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model projected future PD burden from 2022 to 2030. Results From 1992 to 2021, global PD cases increased from 450,000 to 1.34 million, with crude incidence rates rising from 8.19 to 16.92 per 100,000 and ASIR from 11.54 to 15.63 per 100,000, indicating an annual net drift of 1.11% (95% CI 1.06%–1.17%), reflecting a growing burden driven by an aging population. All SDI regions saw a growth in PD burden, with the highest increases in middle- and high-middle-SDI regions, where male incidence was notably higher than female. Incidence rates escalated sharply in individuals aged 60 and older, peaking in those aged 85 and above. Projections suggest that by 2030, global PD cases will reach 1.93 million, with an ASIR of 27 per 100,000. Discussion The findings highlight a sustained global increase in PD burden, particularly in middle- and high-income regions and among men. In low-SDI areas, PD burden may be underestimated due to limited healthcare access and diagnostic challenges. These results stress the urgent need for health policies focused on elderly populations, especially men, and call for effective prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the future impact of PD.

Purpose This epidemiological study leverages data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database spanning from 1990 to 2021 to analyze the global burden of oral cancer. The research aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for oral cancer, examining trends over three decades. Methods The study used age standardized rate (ASRs) as an indicator of oral cancer epidemiological data. Trend analysis uses estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to track changes in oral cancer indicators. Results The study identifies a global increase in oral cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs. From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence rate increased significantly from 3.26 (95% UI 3.14–3.41) to 5.34 (95% UI 4.94–5.70), the global mortality rate rose from 1.83 (95% UI 1.73–1.92) to 2.64 (95% UI 2.42–2.84), and the global estimate of DALYs increased from 55.05 (95% UI 52.38–57.97) to 74.44 (95% UI 67.50–80.44). High-risk regions include Palau and certain areas in Asia. Middle SDI regions show the most significant growth, while economically underdeveloped areas like parts of Africa show less significant trends. Conclusion The research underscores the need for heightened awareness, surveillance, and prevention efforts, especially in regions with high oral cancer incidence. Policymakers are urged to implement screening programs and public health education to combat the disease.

Background Osteoarthritis knee poses a substantial and pervasive global health challenge. Methods The data was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study database. First, numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of osteoarthritis knee were assessed globally and by sub-types in 2021. Subsequently, we employed a linear regression model to analyze the temporal trends from 1990 to 2021. To predict the future burden, we utilized the age-period-cohort model and the Bayesian age-period-cohort model. Furthermore, we conducted a sensitivity analysis using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model and the Exponential Smoothing model. Results In 2021, osteoarthritis knee accounted for 30.85 million incidence cases, 374.74 million prevalence cases, and 12.02 million DALYs cases globally, with ASRs of 353.67, 4294.27, and 137.59, respectively. Females and individuals over 50 years old were identified as high-risk populations, while higher socio-demographic index regions emerged as high-risk areas. From 1990 to 2021, incidence cases rose from 14.13 million to 30.85 million, prevalence cases from 159.80 million to 374.74 million, and DALYs cases from 5.15 million to 12.02 million, accompanied by increases in their respective ASRs. Projections using the APC model predict a continued increase in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs cases for both genders until 2046. Specifically, male incidence cases are projected to increase to 18.45 million and female incidence to 25.60 million. Similarly, male prevalence cases are projected to rise to 235.41 million and female prevalence to 365.97 million. Male DALYs cases are expected to increase to 7.52 million and female DALYs to 11.55 million. The BAPC models also indicate an upward trend in number of cases. Conclusion In conclusion, osteoarthritis knee represents a formidable threat to global public health, necessitating the development of proactive and tailored strategic interventions that account for global-specific contexts. Key Points • Females and individuals over 50 years old were identified as high-risk populations . • Higher socio-demographic index regions were identified as high-risk areas . • The disease burden attributable to osteoarthritis knee increased from 1990 to 2019 . • The number of deaths and DALYs cases would still increase in the next 25 years .

The associations among early childhood caries (ECC), socioeconomic status, and sugar consumption are of the utmost importance, due to their potential policy implications. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in ECC burden in children under 5 years old among European Union (EU) member states over time and to evaluate the relationship with its risk factors. Global Burden of Disease 2019 data were analyzed to estimate the burden of ECC over time, specifically incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for children under 5 years old. Four ecological variables with a potential effect on YLDs for ECC were used to investigate the association between 2014 and 2017. The YLDs rate was consistently higher among Eastern EU countries over time. Univariate models showed a positive significant association between at-risk-of-poverty rate and YLDs rate, while GDP per capita and urbanization were inversely associated with YLDs rate. In the multivariate analysis, sugar consumption, GDP per capita and urbanization showed significant association with YLDs rate. After stratification by region, association remained significant only in the Eastern EU countries between GDP, urbanization, and YLDs rate, while sugar consumption and at-risk-of-poverty rate had no significant impact on YLDs rates. This study found increasing ECC burden in the EU. The complexity of the problem indicates the need for innovative and personalized policy approaches to tackle the disease.

ObjectivesTo provide the level and trends of prevalence, incidence and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite of sociodemographic factors) and Healthcare Access and Quality (an indicator of health system performance) Index.MethodsData from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors study (GBD) 2017 were used. GBD 2017 modelled the burden of RA for 195 countries from 1990 to 2017, through a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, incidence and DALYs. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsGlobally, the age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rates of RA were 246.6 (95% UI 222.4 to 270.8) and 14.9 (95% UI 13.3 to 16.4) in 2017, which increased by 7.4% (95% UI 5.3 to 9.4) and 8.2% (95% UI 5.9 to 10.5) from 1990, respectively. However, the age-standardised rate of RA DALYs per 100 000 population was 43.3 (95% UI 33.0 to 54.5) in 2017, which was a 3.6% (95% UI −9.7 to 0.3) decrease from the 1990 rate. The age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates increased with age and were higher in females; the rates peaked at 70–74 and 75–79 age groups for females and males, respectively. A non-linear association was found between age-standardised DALY rate and SDI. The global age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2012 but then increased and reached higher than expected levels in the following 5 years to 2017. The UK had the highest age-standardised prevalence rate (471.8 (95% UI 428.9 to 514.9)) and age-standardised incidence rate (27.5 (95% UI 24.7 to 30.0)) in 2017. Canada, Paraguay and Guatemala showed the largest increases in age-standardised prevalence rates (54.7% (95% UI 49.2 to 59.7), 41.8% (95% UI 35.0 to 48.6) and 37.0% (95% UI 30.9 to 43.9), respectively) and age-standardised incidence rates (48.2% (95% UI 41.5 to 55.1), 43.6% (95% UI 36.6 to 50.7) and 36.8% (95% UI 30.4 to 44.3), respectively) between 1990 and 2017.ConclusionsRA is a major global public health challenge. The age-standardised prevalence and incidence rates are increasing, especially in countries such as Canada, Paraguay and Guatemala. Early identification and treatment of RA is vital especially among females, in order to reduce the ongoing burden of this condition. The quality of health data needs to be improved for better monitoring of disease burden.

To assesses trends in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) burden in high-income, European Union 15+ (EU15+) countries between 1990 and 2019. Cross-sectional analysis of the incidence and mortality of RHD was conducted using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study database. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were extracted for EU15+ countries per sex for each of the years from 1990 to 2019, inclusive, and mortality-to-incidence indices (MII) were computed. Joinpoint regression analysis was used for the description of trends. Over 29 years, an overall declining trend in RHD incidence and mortality across EU 15+ nations were observed. There was significant variability in RHD incidence and mortality rates across high-income countries. However, both RHD incidence and mortality were higher among females compared with males across EU15+ countries over the observed period. The most recent incidence trend, starting predominantly after 2014, demonstrated a rise in RHD incidence in most countries for both sexes. The timing of this RHD resurgence corresponds temporally with an influx of migrants and refugees into Europe. The recent increasing RHD incidence rates ranged from +0.4% to +24.7% for males, and +0.6% to +11.4% for females. More than half of EU15+ nations display a recent increase in RHD incidence rate across both sexes. Possible factors associated with this rise are discussed and include increase in global migration from nations with higher RHD prevalence, host nation factors such as migrants' housing conditions, healthcare access, and migrant health status on arrival.