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Climate change
Describes the factors involved in climate change, that the world is warming up, that farming and deforestation play a role in the process, and that it could change ecosystems.
Book
Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change
Across the United States, impacts of climate change are already evident. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense, cold extremes have become less frequent, and patterns of rainfall are likely changing. The proportion of precipitation that falls as rain rather than snow has increased across the western United States and Arctic sea ice has been reduced significantly. Sea level has been rising faster than at any time in recent history, threatening the natural and built environments on the coasts. Even if emissions of greenhouse gases were substantially reduced now, climate change and its resulting impacts would continue for some time to come.
To date, decisions related to the management and protection of the nation's people, resources, and infrastructure have been based on records in the recent past, when climate was relatively stable. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change , part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, calls for a new paradigm-one that considers a range of possible future climate conditions and impacts that may be well outside the realm of past experience.
Adaptation requires actions from many decision makers in federal, state, tribal, and local governments; the private sector; non-governmental organizations; and community groups. However, current efforts are hampered by a lack of solid information about the benefits, costs, and effectiveness of various adaptation options; climate information on regional and local scales; and a lack of coordination. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change calls for a national adaptation strategy that provides needed technical and scientific resources, incentives to begin adaptation planning, guidance across jurisdictions, shared lessons learned, and support of scientific research to expand knowledge of impacts and adaptation.
eBook
vast machine
Global warming skeptics often fall back on the argument that the scientific case for global warming is all model predictions, nothing but simulation; they warn us that we need to wait for real data, \"sound science.\" In A Vast Machine Paul Edwards has news for these doubters: without models, there are no data. Today, no collection of signals or observations--even from satellites, which can \"see\" the whole planet with a single instrument--becomes global in time and space without passing through a series of data models. Everything we know about the world's climate we know through models. Edwards offers an engaging and innovative history of how scientists learned to understand the atmosphere--to measure it, trace its past, and model its future. Edwards argues that all our knowledge about climate change comes from three kinds of computer models: simulation models of weather and climate; reanalysis models, which recreate climate history from historical weather data; and data models, used to combine and adjust measurements from many different sources. Meteorology creates knowledge through an infrastructure (weather stations and other data platforms) that covers the whole world, making global data. This infrastructure generates information so vast in quantity and so diverse in quality and form that it can be understood only by computer analysis--making data global. Edwards describes the science behind the scientific consensus on climate change, arguing that over the years data and models have converged to create a stable, reliable, and trustworthy basis for the reality of global warming.
eBook
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change
Global climate change is one of America's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activity-especially the use of fossil fuels, industrial processes, livestock production, waste disposal, and land use change-is affecting global average temperatures, snow and ice cover, sea-level, ocean acidity, growing seasons and precipitation patterns, ecosystems, and human health. Climate-related decisions are being carried out by almost every agency of the federal government, as well as many state and local government leaders and agencies, businesses and individual citizens. Decision makers must contend with the availability and quality of information, the efficacy of proposed solutions, the unanticipated consequences resulting from decisions, the challenge of implementing chosen actions, and must consider how to sustain the action over time and respond to new information.
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change, a volume in the America's Climate Choices series, describes and assesses different activities, products, strategies, and tools for informing decision makers about climate change and helping them plan and execute effective, integrated responses. It discusses who is making decisions (on the local, state, and national levels), who should be providing information to make decisions, and how that information should be provided. It covers all levels of decision making, including international, state, and individual decision making. While most existing research has focused on the physical aspect of climate change, Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change employs theory and case study to describe the efforts undertaken so far, and to guide the development of future decision-making resources.
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change offers much-needed guidance to those creating public policy and assists in implementing that policy. The information presented in this book will be invaluable to the research community, especially social scientists studying climate change; practitioners of decision-making assistance, including advocacy organizations, non-profits, and government agencies; and college-level teachers and students.
eBook
Science vs. climate change
Describes climate change, the issues surrounding it, and what science is doing to combat it.
Book
The atmospheric impact of halogenated cycloalkanes (cyc-CnXs, n = 4, 5 & 6 and X = H, F & Cl) and their reactivity parameter: A theoretical study
Halogenated cycloalkanes (cyc-C
n
X
s
,
n
= 4, 5 & 6 and X = H, F & Cl) benefit the environment and the economy. These chemicals have various industrial and agricultural applications due to their low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and negligible ozone depletion Potential (ODP). This study uses ab initio methods, MP2, and density functional theory (B3LYP, M06-2X, and ωB97x-D) to investigate the atmospheric impacts. Utilizing these methodologies, we have calculated radiative efficiencies (REs), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Global Temperature change Potential (GTP), integrated Global Temperature change Potential (iGTP), ozone depletion Potential (ODP), photo ozone creation Potential (POCP), and acidification Potential (AP) of cyc-C
n
X
s
(
n
= 4, 5 & 6 and X = H, F & Cl) compounds. For atmospheric reactivity analysis (NCI, MEP, and FMO), we employed the ωB97x-D/def2-TZVP level of theory. FMO analysis demonstrated that cyclo-α-C
6
H
6
Cl
6
and cyclo-γ-C
6
H
6
Cl
6
have a reduced energy gap and higher reactivity than other chemicals. Ab initio and DFT calculations conclude that several fluorine atom-containing molecules always have a significant radiative efficiency value. We have evaluated the cyc-C
n
X
s
(
n
= 4, 5 & 6 and X = H, F & Cl) dielectric strength (DS). We have found none of them could be used as an insulating material to replace SF
6
.
Journal Article
Plows, plagues, and petroleum : how humans took control of climate
William Ruddiman explores a scientific mystery - the fact that methane concentrations in the atmosphere have risen for the last 5000 years, when all indications are that it should have fallen. He attributes this to the involvement of humans.
Book
Correction: Exploring climate change on Twitter using seven aspects: Stance, sentiment, aggressiveness, temperature, gender, topics, and disasters
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274213.].[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274213.].
Journal Article