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In 1896, a small group of prospectors discovered a stunningly rich pocket of gold at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers, and in the following two years thousands of individuals traveled to the area, hoping to find wealth in a rugged and challenging setting. Ever since that time, the Klondike Gold Rush - especially as portrayed in photographs of long lines of gold seekers marching up Chilkoot Pass - has had a hold on the popular imagination. In this first environmental history of the gold rush, Kathryn Morse describes how the miners got to the Klondike, the mining technologies they employed, and the complex networks by which they obtained food, clothing, and tools. She looks at the political and economic debates surrounding the valuation of gold and the emerging industrial economy that exploited its extraction in Alaska, and explores the ways in which a web of connections among America s transportation, supply, and marketing industries linked miners to other industrial and agricultural laborers across the country. The profound economic and cultural transformations that supported the Alaska-Yukon gold rush ultimately reverberate to modern times. The story Morse tells is often narrated through the diaries and letters of the miners themselves. The daunting challenges of traveling, working, and surviving in the raw wilderness are illustrated not only by the miners compelling accounts but by newspaper reports and advertisements. Seattle played a key role as gateway to the Klondike. A public relations campaign lured potential miners to the West and local businesses seized the opportunity to make large profits while thousands of gold seekers streamed through Seattle. The drama of the miners journeys north, their trials along the gold creeks, and their encounters with an extreme climate will appeal not only to scholars of the western environment and of late-19th-century industrialism, but to readers interested in reliving the vivid adventure of the West s last great gold rush.

Nathlee Abbai Maree Abbott Tom Abbott Wassim Abida Elaine Abrams Florence Abravanel Maria Abreu Barham Abu Dayyeh Laith Abu-Raddad Niek Achten Scott Adams Ashley Adamson Ayodeji Adegunsoye Adesoji O Ademuyiwa Bruria Adini Rajiv Agarwal Rosina Ahmed Alessandro Aiuti Olalekan Aiyegbusi Jaffer Ajani Marco Ajelli Nada Alachkar Ayoade Alakija Ziyad Al-Aly Graciela Alarcon Salah-Eddin Al-Batran Katinka Albrecht Robert Aldridge Francesco Aletta Monica Alexander Tobias Alexander Zarko Alfirevic Fernando Alfonso Ased Ali Saadye Ali Shabbir Alibhai Chiara Altare Donato Altomare Rama Amara Rodabe Amaria Adeladza Amegah Emmanuel Ameh Melania Amorim Agbessi Amouzou Gregers Andersen Stig Andersen Craig Anderson Richard Anderson Elizabeth Andraska Thierry Andre Christiane Angermann Isabelle Anguelovski Kaarin Anstey Caroline Apovian Edson Araujo Ronen Arbel Eleni Armeni Giorgio Arnaldi Donald Arnold Vanita Aroda Monika Arora Mekinian Arsene Marianna Arvanitakis Zain Asad Miqdad Asaria Riccardo Asero Michael Ashburn Charles R Ashby Elizabeth Ashley Florence Ashley Annie Ashman Nestor Asiamah Ashenafi Assefa John Atherton John Atkinson Yoshiko Atsuta Gerhardt Attard Zachi Attia Michael Auerbach Tin Aung Andrew Azman Zaher Azzam Paul Baas Houda Bahig Damian Bailey Stephen Bain Carissa Marie Baker-Smith George Bakris Jatinder Bali Justin Balko Christie Ballantyne Joan Ballester Ananda Bandyopadhyay Firouze Bani-Sadr Wilbert Bannenberg Ferran Barbe Enrique Bargallo Laura Barger Till Bärnighausen Jenny Barrett Lisa Barrios Sahisnuta Basnet Quique Bassat Boris Bastian Betül Baykan Richard Beasley Anne-Lise Beaumont Cecilia Becattini Jens Bedke Jeffrey Beekman Linda-Gail Bekker J Simon Bell Katy Bell Sally J Bell Alexandre Belot Alexandra Benachi Giovanni Benfari Maureen Benjamins David Bennett Amnon Berger Christina Bergh Vincenzo Berghella Annika Berglund Susan Bergner Eva Bergsten Seth Berkowitz Janet Berrington Marc Besselink Matthew Best Wedi Bettina Axel Bex Chris Beyrer Aneel 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Hawkins Phillipa Hay Ken Hayashi Yulei He Anna Head Emma Louise Healey Janice Hegewald David Heigener Leo Heller Karla Hemming Lizza Hendriks Daniel Heng José P S Henriques Timothy Henry Roy Herbst Bernhard Hering Loren Hernandez Merete Hetland Gerd Heusch Martha Hickey Michihiro Hide Saima Hilal Michael Hill Hidefumi Hiramatsu Fred R Hirsch Andrew Ho Hee Hwa Ho Zheng Jie Marc Ho Marius Hoeper Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz Justus Hofmeyr Hans Hogerzeil Markus Hollmann John Holmes Jonathan Holmes Lene Holmvang Tomoyuki Honda Thomas Hone Ewout Hoorn Taro Horino Michael Horowitz Nehmat Houssami Jeffrey Howard Louise Howard Patricia Howlin Chuan-Jen Hsu Ping-I Hsu Yongxian Hu He Huang Weishan Huang Lisa Hui Marc Humbert Beverley Hunt Amit Huppert Lisa Hurt Don Husereau Angela Huttner Thomas Hwang Gianluca Ianiro Borja Ibanez Hassan Ibrahim Chikwe Ihekweazu Kazumoto Iijima Maarten IJzerman Akio Ikeda Kazuhiko Ikeda Erik Imel Bruce Innis Peter Irving Geoffrey Isbister Michael G Ison Nawfal Istfan Sharad Iyengar Sarah Jac

Mongolia over the last decade has seen a substantial and ongoing gold rush. The widespread mining of gold looks at first glance to be a blessing for a desperately poor and largely pastoralist country where people's lives were disrupted by the end of the USSR and tens of millions of livestock were killed in devastating droughts in the early 2000s. Volatility and uncertainty as well as political and economic turmoil led many people to join the hopeful search for gold. This activity, born out of uncertain times, poses an intense moral problem; in the \"land of dust,\" disturbing the ground and extracting the precious metal is widely believed to have calamitous consequences. With gold retaining strong ties to the landscape and its many spirit beings, the fortune of the precious metal is inseparable from the fears that surround mining. Tracing the continuities and discontinuities between human and nonhuman worlds, Mette M. High follows the paths of gold as it is excavated and converted into \"polluted money,\" entering local shops and Buddhist monasteries, joining the illegal gold trade, and returning as \"renewed\" money for the \"big bosses\" of the gold mines. High has done several years of fieldwork in Mongolia, spending time with the \"ninjas,\" as the miners are known locally, as well as the people who disapprove of their illegal activities and warn of the retribution that the land and its inhabitants may suffer as a result. This book is about radical change, or as many Mongolians put it, when life becomes \"strange\" and \"chaotic.\" High has gained a deep understanding of the processes by which Mongolians square a morally questionable activity with the lure of profit. How do they involve themselves with tainted sources of money, and can it ever be cleansed and made usable? Addressing how our lives and those of others are intimately intertwined,Fear and Fortuneoffers an expansive and capacious approach to understanding the high stakes involved in human economic life.

Bacterial infections have become a fatal threat because of the abuse of antibiotics in the world. Various gold (Au)-based nanostructures have been extensively explored as antibacterial agents to combat bacterial infections based on their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics. Many Au-based nanostructures have been designed and their antibacterial activities and mechanisms have been further examined and demonstrated. In this review, we collected and summarized current developments of antibacterial agents of Au-based nanostructures, including Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), Au nanoclusters (AuNCs), Au nanorods (AuNRs), Au nanobipyramids (AuNBPs), and Au nanostars (AuNSs) according to their shapes, sizes, and surface modifications. The rational designs and antibacterial mechanisms of these Au-based nanostructures are further discussed. With the developments of Au-based nanostructures as novel antibacterial agents, we also provide perspectives, challenges, and opportunities for future practical clinical applications.

In almost any industry, the day-to-day lived experiences of workers directly shape production processes. Those experiences are of fundamental importance to a range of managerial concerns including organisational behaviour and human resource management, organisational safety and risk management, production systems, work relations and change management. Yet they are too often overlooked by the executives and managers who design management strategies. In this book, Sizwe Phakathi addresses such issues head-on, providing insights into the underlying social, human, managerial and organisational processes that shape workers' orientations towards reorganisation of work, production, safety, teamwork and work relations. Through an in-depth study of a deep-level mining workplace, Phakathi brings to the fore the realities of how work processes shape the actions of frontline teams, production supervisors and managers. He points out how these realities trigger the informal work practice of making a plan, which is an indispensable organisational tactic for production, safety, teamwork and work relations in the mining workplace. In the process, he highlights frontline miners' perspectives of managing, balancing and coping with the competing demands of physically challenging work, production, safety and team dynamics while at the rock-face. This book will help practitioners, policy-makers and researchers to understand the factors influencing work processes, production, safety, teamwork and work relations - not only in a mining workplace but more generally as well. The insights it provides into the importance of day-to-day lived working experiences will help them to improve organisational, employee and team performance.

Medicine, food, and cosmetics represent the new promising applications for silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). AgNPs are most commonly used in food and cosmetics; conversely, the main applications of gold NPs (AuNPs) are in the medical field. Thus, in view of the risk of accidentally or non-intended uptake of NPs deriving from the use of cosmetics, drugs, and food, the study of NPs–cell interactions represents a key question that puzzles researchers in both the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology fields. The response of cells starts when the NPs bind to the cell surface or when they are internalized. The amount and modality of their uptake depend on many and diverse parameters, such as NPs and cell types. Here, we discuss the state of the art of the knowledge and the uncertainties regarding the biological consequences of AgNPs and AuNPs, focusing on NPs cell uptake, location, and translocation. Finally, a section will be dedicated to the most currently available methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of intracellular transport of metal NPs.

Gold nanoparticles are used in an expanding spectrum of biomedical applications. However, little is known about their long-term fate in the organism as it is generally admitted that the inertness of gold nanoparticles prevents their biodegradation. In this work, the biotransformations of gold nanoparticles captured by primary fibroblasts were monitored during up to 6 mo. The combination of electron microscopy imaging and transcriptomics study reveals an unexpected 2-step process of biotransformation. First, there is the degradation of gold nanoparticles, with faster disappearance of the smallest size. This degradation is mediated by NADPH oxidase that produces highly oxidizing reactive oxygen species in the lysosome combined with a cell-protective expression of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2. Second, a gold recrystallization process generates biomineralized nanostructures consisting of 2.5-nm crystalline particles self-assembled into nanoleaves. Metallothioneins are strongly suspected to participate in buildings blocks biomineralization that self-assembles in a process that could be affected by a chelating agent. These degradation products are similar to aurosomes structures revealed 50 y ago in vivo after gold salt therapy. Overall, we bring to light steps in the lifecycle of gold nanoparticles in which cellular pathways are partially shared with ionic gold, revealing a common gold metabolism.

In the last decade, several engineered gold-based nanomaterials, such as spheres, rods, stars, cubes, hollow particles, and nanocapsules have been widely explored in biomedical fields, in particular in therapy and diagnostics. As well as different shapes and dimensions, these materials may, on their surfaces, have specific functionalizations to improve their capability as sensors or in drug loading and controlled release, and/or particular cell receptors ligands, in order to get a definite targeting. In this review, the up-to-date progress will be illustrated regarding morphologies, sizes and functionalizations, mostly used to obtain an improved performance of nanomaterials in biomedicine. Many suggestions are presented to organize and compare the numerous and heterogeneous experimental data, such as the most important chemical-physical parameters, which guide and control the interaction between the gold surface and biological environment. The purpose of all this is to offer the readers an overview of the most noteworthy progress and challenges in this research field.