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Dose responses of silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum) to carfentrazone-ethyl
Carfentrazone-ethyl is one of few herbicides labeled for control of silvery-thread moss (STM) in golf course putting greens, but common use rates are up to three times higher than for broadleaf weeds. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of a single POST application of carfentrazone-ethyl for STM control in greenhouse and field dose response studies. In the greenhouse, carfentrazone-ethyl was applied at 0, 14, 28, 56, 112, and 224 g ai ha–1 to pots containing established STM and creeping bentgrass. Percent gametophyte injury was visually estimated at 14, 28, 49, and 77 d after treatment (DAT). Shoot viability was determined by excising shoots from treated pots and plating them in Petri dishes containing sand. The 28- and 49-DAT ED90 (doses required to cause 90% gametophyte injury) were 26.8 and 54.3 g ha–1, respectively; both of these doses are substantially lower than the label rates for long- and short-term control, respectively. All doses reduced the viability of transplanted shoots at 10 DAT compared to untreated STM; however, regrowth occurred in all Petri dishes by 17 DAT. Field studies were initiated in Manhattan, KS and San Luis Obispo, CA to corroborate greenhouse results. Averaged across locations, carfentrazone-ethyl applied at 56 and 112 g ha–1 caused 76% and 84% STM injury at 14 DAT, but STM injury quickly lessened to 45% and 48% by 28 DAT, respectively. In greenhouse and field studies, STM recovery did not occur until 2 wk after treatment (WAT), which indicates the label-stipulated application interval of 2 wk is too short. Our research suggests that 56 g ha–1 can provide similar burndown control of STM as compared to the highest label rate (112 g ha–1), and turfgrass managers should consider extending the reapplication interval to 3 or 4 wk when moss recovery is observed. Nomenclature: Carfentrazone-ethyl; silvery-thread moss; Bryum argenteum Hedw.; creeping bentgrass; Agrostis stolonifera L.
Journal Article
Acceptance intention toward kiosk technology in golf courses
This study examined users' intention to accept the introduction of kiosks into golf courses by using the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 and the technology acceptance model. We conducted an online survey of 274 golf course users and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data.
The analysis showed that golf course users were ready to accept new technology in the form of kiosks, owing to their greater efficiency and convenience. On the basis of our findings, golf courses should provide a seamless service to users, raising their awareness of kiosks and encouraging
them to consider these as easy and convenient to use.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Visual and Functional Quality of Grass and Trees at RSJMM Heritage Golf Field in Bogor City
RSJMM Heritage Golf Club is the oldest golf course in Bogor City. The quality of a golf course depends on the quality of the grass, both visually and functionally. It is also influenced by the tree that performs as a natural challenge for the game. The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the visual quality of grass and trees, (2) to evaluate the functional quality of grass, and (3) to propose maintenance plan recommendations. The methods used in this research were observation, interview, and literature review. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Binomial test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The result shows that the average visual quality of the tree is categorized as very good. Meanwhile, the visual quality of the grass shows that grass density is classified as moderate for the green area and high for the tee box and fairway areas. The color, color uniformity, the presence of particles, and the texture of 3 areas met the standard. The functional quality of the grass indicated that pruning height in 3 areas, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root length other than 1 area met the standard. The elasticity of the grass is included in the category of fast and medium fast for regular play. The result of this study provides recommendations for a maintenance plan to develop the quality of RSJMM Heritage Golf Club.
Journal Article
Long-term effects of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties on golf course fairways
The increasing water shortage in the arid and semiarid western USA requires use of recycled wastewater (RWW) when possible. Recycled wastewater has become a common water source for irrigating golf courses and urban landscapes, creating the need to study the effects of RWW irrigation on soil chemical properties. We compiled soil test data from fairways of 10 golf courses that were near metropolitan Denver and Fort Collins, CO. Among these courses, five had been irrigated exclusively with domestic RWW electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.84 dS m(-1) for 4, 13, 14, 19, and 33 yr, respectively. The other five with similar turf species, age ranges, and soil textures had used surface water (EC = 0.23 dS m(-1)) for irrigation. Our results indicated that soils (sampled to 11.4 cm) from fairways with RWW irrigation exhibited 0.3 units of higher pH and 200, 40, and 30% higher concentrations of extractable Na, B, and P, respectively. Compared with sites irrigated with surface water, sites irrigated with RWW exhibited 187% higher EC and 481% higher sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Comparison of soil chemical properties before and 4 or 5 yr after RWW irrigation on two golf courses also revealed the following findings: (i) 89 to 95% increase in Na content; (ii) 28 to 50% increase in B content; and (iii) 89 to 117% increase in P content at the surface depth. Regular monitoring of site-specific water and soil and appropriate management are needed to mitigate the negative impacts of sodium and salts accumulations.
Journal Article
Familiarity and Use of Biostimulants by the Georgia Golf Industry: Information from a Survey of Golf Course Superintendents
Golf course superintendents are often under pressure to maintain high-quality turf. Such demand entails use of inputs, which can include biostimulants that are often marketed as a way of combating plant stress and improving turf quality. However, the extent of their use by superintendents and their level of efficacy are not well understood. This survey study was designed to better describe biostimulant use by the golf industry and to gain insights on the research needs of superintendents to address them effectively. A survey instrument was developed using online software and included a total of 13 questions relating to general familiarity with biostimulants and specific familiarity with five biological products. The instrument was disseminated electronically via the online survey tool to attendees (N = 80) during the annual conference of the Georgia Golf Environmental Summit in 2022. The respondents were from 62 golf courses, geographically representing the entire state of Georgia. The response rate was 62.5%. The majority of the respondents (86%) were familiar with biostimulants. The main reason for using biostimulants was predominantly agronomic, indicating a focus on turf performance and aesthetics. Of the respondents who used biostimulants, the overwhelming majority (93%) use humic acids and plant growth hormone-containing biostimulants. Respondents also indicated that research in microbial products would be the most relevant to the industry. This may be explained by the challenges in using such products (shelf life and microbial survival in soil). In conclusion, the survey indicated that Georgia golf course superintendents have high a level of familiarity with biostimulants. The survey yielded useful results to help formulate future research objectives to better serve the Georgia golf course industry.
Journal Article