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Growth-regulating factors ( GRFs ) are plant-specific transcription factors that contain two highly conserved QLQ and WRC domains, which control a range of biological functions, including leaf growth, floral organ development, and phytohormone signaling. However, knowledge of the evolutionary patterns and driving forces of GRFs in Gramineae crops is limited and poorly characterized. In this study, a total of 96 GRFs were identified from eight crops of Brachypodium distachyon , Hordeum vulgare , Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica , Oryza rufipogon , Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica , Setaria italic , Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays . Based on their protein sequences, the GRFs were classified into three groups. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the whole-genome or segmental duplication plays an essential role in the GRFs expansion, and the GRF s were negatively selected during the evolution of Gramineae crops. The GRFs protein function as transcriptional activators with distinctive structural motifs in different groups. In addition, the expression of GRFs was induced under multiple hormonal stress, including IAA, BR, GA3, 6BA, ABA, and MeJ treatments. Specifically, OjGRF11 was significantly induced by IAA at 6 h after phytohormone treatment. Transgenic experiments showed that roots overexpressing OjGRF11 were more sensitive to IAA and affect root elongation. This study will broaden our insights into the origin and evolution of the GRF family in Gramineae crops and will facilitate further research on GRF function.

As global food security faces challenges, enhancing crop yield and stress resistance becomes imperative. This study comprehensively explores the impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on Gramineae plants, with a focus on the effects of various types of nanoparticles, such as iron-based, titanium-containing, zinc, and copper nanoparticles, on plant photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. We found that the effects of nanoparticles largely depend on their chemical properties, particle size, concentration, and the species and developmental stage of the plant. Under appropriate conditions, specific NMs can promote the root development of Gramineae plants, enhance photosynthesis, and increase chlorophyll content. Notably, iron-based and titanium-containing nanoparticles show significant effects in promoting chlorophyll synthesis and plant growth. However, the impact of nanoparticles on oxidative stress is complex. Under certain conditions, nanoparticles can enhance plants’ antioxidant enzyme activity, improving their ability to withstand environmental stresses; excessive or inappropriate NMs may cause oxidative stress, affecting plant growth and development. Copper nanoparticles, in particular, exhibit this dual nature, being beneficial at low concentrations but potentially harmful at high concentrations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of nanofertilizers aimed at precisely targeting Gramineae plants to enhance their antioxidant stress capacity and improve photosynthesis efficiency. We emphasize the importance of balancing the agricultural advantages of nanotechnology with environmental safety in practical applications. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between more NMs and plants and explore strategies to reduce potential environmental impacts to ensure the health and sustainability of the ecosystem while enhancing the yield and quality of Gramineae crops.

Background The cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) as the largest enzyme family of plant metabolism participate in various physiological processes, whereas no study has demonstrated interest in comprehensive comparison of the genes in wheat and maize. Genome-wide survey, characterization and comparison of wheat and maize CYP450 gene superfamily are useful for genetic manipulation of the Gramineae crops. Results In total, 1285 and 263 full-length CYP450 s were identified in wheat and maize, respectively. According to standard nomenclature, wheat CYP450 s ( TaCYP450 s) were categorized into 45 families, while maize CYP450 s ( ZmCYP450 s) into 43 families. A comprehensive analysis of wheat and maize CYP450s, involved in functional domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, gene structures, chromosome locations and duplicated events was performed. The result showed that each family/subfamily in both species exhibited characteristic features, suggesting their phylogenetic relationship and the potential divergence in their functions. Functional divergence analysis at the amino acid level of representative clans CYP51, CYP74 and CYP97 in wheat, maize and rice identified some critical amino acid sites that are responsible for functional divergence of a gene family. Expression profiles of Ta -, ZmCYP450 s were investigated using RNA-seq data, which contribute to infer the potential functions of the genes during development and stress responses. We found in both species CYP450 s had preferential expression in specific tissues, and many tissue-specific genes were identified. Under water-deficit condition, 82 and 39 significantly differentially expressed CYP450 s were respectively detected in wheat and maize. These genes may have some roles in protecting plants against drought damage. Thereinto, fourteen CYP450s were selected to validate their expression level through qRT-PCR. To further elucidating molecular mechanisms of CYP450 action, gene co-expression network was constructed. In total, 477 TaCYP450 s were distributed in 22 co-expression modules, and some co-expressed genes that likely take part in the same biochemical pathway were identified. For instance, the expression of TaCYP74A98_4D was highly correlated with TaLOX9 , TaLOX36 , TaLOX39 , TaLOX44 and TaOPR8 , and all of them may be involved in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. TaCYP73A201_3A showed coexpression with TaPAL1.25 , TaCCoAOMT1.2 , TaCOMT.1 , TaCCR1.6 and TaLAC5 , which probably act in the wheat stem and/or root lignin synthesis pathway. Conclusion Our study first established systematic information about evolutionary relationship, expression pattern and function characterization of CYP450 s in wheat and maize.

The typification of the names A. micrantha, A. donaciformis, A. formosana, A. formosana var. gracilis (currently A. formosana subsp. gracilis), A. parviflora (a heterotypic synonym of A. formosana), A. bifaria, and A. donax var. coleotricha (these two as heterotypic synonyms of A. donax) is discussed. The “types” of these names were previously indicated as “holotypes” in 2012 and 2017. However, the type indication was ineffective in all cases according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, Shenzhen Code of 2018). We proposes here the effective lectotypification of these five names, along with data on the gatherings and syntypes used to describe these taxa. The name A. micrantha is lectotypified using a specimen collected by Desfontaines and preserved at P. The lectotype of A. donaciformis is selected from a specimen collected by Jean Honoré Perreymond in southern France and kept at AV (Muséum Requien). Arundo formosana and A. formosana var. gracilis are typified from original specimens preserved in the Hackel Herbarium at W. The lectotype of the name A. parviflora is designated from a specimen preserved at US. Finally, a second-step lectotypification is made for the name A. bifaria with the lectotype preserved at LD, and the lectotype of A. donax var. coleotricha is selected from a specimen preserved at W

Completion of genome sequences for the diploid Setaria italica reveals features of C 4 photosynthesis that could enable improvement of the polyploid biofuel crop switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ). The genetic basis of biotechnologically relevant traits, including drought tolerance, photosynthetic efficiency and flowering control, is also highlighted. We generated a high-quality reference genome sequence for foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ). The ∼400-Mb assembly covers ∼80% of the genome and >95% of the gene space. The assembly was anchored to a 992-locus genetic map and was annotated by comparison with >1.3 million expressed sequence tag reads. We produced more than 580 million RNA-Seq reads to facilitate expression analyses. We also sequenced Setaria viridis , the ancestral wild relative of S. italica , and identified regions of differential single-nucleotide polymorphism density, distribution of transposable elements, small RNA content, chromosomal rearrangement and segregation distortion. The genus Setaria includes natural and cultivated species that demonstrate a wide capacity for adaptation. The genetic basis of this adaptation was investigated by comparing five sequenced grass genomes. We also used the diploid Setaria genome to evaluate the ongoing genome assembly of a related polyploid, switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ).

Glycoside hydrolase 3 ( GH3 ) gene family belongs to auxin-responsive gene families and is tightly linked with hormone homeostasis and signaling pathways. However, our knowledge about the evolutionary dynamic of GH3 genes in Gramineae crops is limited. In this study, a comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis was conducted to study evolutionary patterns and the driving selective forces of GH3 gene family in six representative Gramineae crops, namely, Setaria italica (Si), Zea mays (Zm), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (Os). A total of 17, 13, 11, 9, 8, and 11 GH3 proteins (GH3s) were identified in Si, Zm, Sb, Hv, Bd, and Os, respectively. Phylogenetic, conserved motif, and gene structural analyses could divide all GH3s into two groups (I and II), and all GH3s consisted of seven orthogroups (Ors) on the basis of Or identification result. We further found that genes in the same Or showed similar sequence and structural features, whereas genes in the same groups exhibited intrinsic differences in exon numbers and intron lengths. These results revealed GH3 genes in the same groups have been differentiated. Obvious differences in total numbers of GH3 genes, Ors, and duplication events among these six tested Gramineae crops reflected lineage-specific expansions and homologous gene loss/gain of GH3 gene family during the evolutionary process. In addition, selective force and expression analyses indicated that all GH3 genes were constrained by strong purifying selection, and GH3 genes in conserved Ors showed higher expression levels than that in unconserved Ors. The current study highlighted different evolutionary patterns of GH3 genes in Gramineae crops resulted from different evolutionary rates and duplication events and provided a vital insight into the functional divergence of GH3 genes.

Se da a conocer una cita novedosa de Puccinellia pungens en la Región de Murcia. Además, se comentan diversos aspectos sobre la evolución demográfica de la población, amenazas, estado de conservación y propuestas para su gestión.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174955.].

The most intriguing characteristics of plant mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) include their high variation in both sequence and structure, the extensive horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and the important role they play in hypoxic adaptation. However, the investigation of the mechanisms of hypoxic adaptation and HGT in plant mitochondria remains challenging due to the limited number of sequenced mitogenomes and non-coding nature of the transferred DNA. In this study, the mitogenome of Elymus sibiricus (Gramineae, Triticeae), a perennial grass species native to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP), was de novo assembled and compared with the mitogenomes of eight Gramineae species. The unique haplotype composition and higher TE content compared to three other Triticeae species may be attributed to the long-term high-altitude plateau adaptability of E. sibiricus . We aimed to discover the connection between mitogenome simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (mt-SSRs) and HGT. Therefore, we predicted and annotated the mt-SSRs of E. sibiricus along with the sequencing of 87 seed plants. The clustering result based on all of the predicted compound mitogenome SSRs (mt-c-SSRs) revealed an expected synteny within systematic taxa and also inter-taxa. The mt-c-SSRs were annotated to 11 genes, among which “(ATA)3agtcaagtcaag (AAT)3” occurred in the nad5 gene of 8 species. The above-mentioned results further confirmed the HGT of mitogenomes sequences even among distant species from the aspect of mt-c-SSRs. Two genes, nad4 and nad7 , possessed a vast number of SSRs in their intron regions across the seed plant mitogenomes. Furthermore, five pairs of SSRs developed from the mitogenome of E. sibiricus could be considered as potential markers to distinguish between the species E. sibiricus and its related sympatric species E. nutans .

The local botanical Imperata cylindrica in Cameroon was investigated for its antibacterial potency. The methanol extract afforded a total of seven compounds, including five hitherto unreported compounds comprising three flavonoids (1–3) and two C-15 isoprenoid analogues (4 and 5) together with known derivatives (6 and 7). The novelty of the flavonoids was related to the presence of both methyl and prenyl groups. The potential origin of the methyl in the flavonoids is discussed, as well as the chemophenetic significance of our findings. Isolation was performed over repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and the structures were elucidated by (NMR and MS). The crude methanol extract and isolated compounds showed considerable antibacterial potency against a panel of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The best MIC values were obtained with compound (2) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 (32 µg/mL) and MRSA1 (16 µg/mL).