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We investigated the effects of language on vision by focusing on a well-known problem: the binding and maintenance of color-location conjunctions. Four-year-olds performed a task in which they saw a target (e.g., a split square, red on the left and green on the right) followed by a brief delay and then were asked to find the target in an array including the target, its reflection (e.g., red on the right and green on the left), and a square with a different geometric split. Errors were overwhelmingly reflections. This finding shows that the children failed to maintain color-location conjunctions. Performance improved when targets were accompanied by sentences specifying color and direction (e.g., \"the red is on the left\"), but not when the conjunction was highlighted using a nonlinguistic cue (e.g., flashing, pointing, changes in size), nor when sentences specified a nondirectional relationship (e.g., \"the red is touching the green\"). The relation between children's matching performance and their long-term knowledge of directional terms suggests two distinct mechanisms by which language can temporarily bridge delays, providing more stable representations.

We consider countable free groups of different ranks. For these groups, we investigate computability theoretic complexity of index sets within the class of free groups and within the class of all groups. For a computable free group of infinite rank, we consider the difficulty of finding a basis.

Western Abenaki, an Eastern Algonquian language spoken until recently at Odanak (St. Francis), Quebec, makes extensive use of a set of enclitic particles that are typically placed in second position in a clause. This article presents an analysis of the formal properties of these particles, describes their meanings and their discourse functions, and provides a brief account of their syntactic distribution. The phonological properties of the clitics and their hosts are identified, with particular attention to the realization of word-final h, which surfaces only before enclitics in a restricted set of particles and suffixes. The data for this study come primarily from nineteenth-century texts, but attention is also given to phonological developments in the treatment of clitics and their hosts that took place in the twentieth century.

In recent research, a number of scholars have questioned the classification of paratactic καί in the nt Gospels as a syntactic Semitism. As a review of all available evidence demonstrates, however, the strong dominance of paratactic καί in the Gospel of Mark has close analogies in the lxx but is unparalleled in ancient original Greek literature. This conclusion can be supplemented by additional evidence which has so far not been taken into account: The very high frequency of paragraph introducing καί in the Second Gospel has many parallels in the Greek ot but is without analogy in original Greek texts. Because of its exceptional frequency on sentence and pericope level, it is still correct to classify paratactic καί in Mark's Gospel as a syntactic Semitism, albeit a secondary one.

Extending work of Puninski. Puninskaya and Toffalori in [5], we show that if V is an effectively given valuation domain then the theory of all V-modules is decidable if and only if there exists an algorithm which, given a, b ∊ V. answers whether a ∊ rad(bV). This was conjectured in [5] for valuation domains with dense value group, where it was proved for valuation domains with dense archimedean value group. The only ingredient missing from [5] to extend the result to valuation domains with dense value group or infinite residue field is an algorithm which decides inclusion for finite unions of Ziegler open sets. We go on to give an example of a valuation domain with infinite Krull dimension, which has decidable theory of modules with respect to one effective presentation and undecidable theory of modules with respect to another. We show that for this to occur infinite Krull dimension is necessary.

From 2012 to 2015, the online grammar program Grammarly® was claimed to complement writing center services by 1. increasing student access to writing support; and 2. addressing sentence-level issues, such as grammar. To test if Grammarly® could close these two gaps in writing center services, this article revisits the results of a Spring 2014 study that compared Grammarly®'s comment cards to the written feedback of 10 asynchronous online consultants. The results showed that both Grammarly® and some consultants strayed from effective practices regarding limiting feedback, avoiding technical language, and providing accurate information about grammatical structure. However, the consultants' weaknesses could be addressed with enhanced or focused training, and their strengths allowed for important learning opportunities that enable student access to information across mediums and help students establish connections between their sentences and the larger whole. This article concludes that each writing center should consider their own way of closing these gaps and offers suggestions for multiple consultation genres, new services, and strategies for sentence-level concerns.

This paper raises a principled objection against the idea that Bayesian confirmation theory can be used to explain the conjunction fallacy. The paper demonstrates that confirmation-based explanations are limited in scope and can only be applied to cases of the fallacy of a certain restricted kind. In particular; confirmation-based explanations cannot account for the inverse conjunction fallacy, a more recently discovered form of the conjunction fallacy. Once the problem has been set out, the paper explores four different ways for the confirmation theorist to come to terms with the problem, and argues that none of them are successful.

In this paper, we investigate the problem of truth approximation via belief merging, i.e., we ask whether, and under what conditions, a group of inquirers merging together their beliefs makes progress toward the truth about the underlying domain. We answer this question by proving some formal results on how belief merging operators perform with respect to the task of truth approximation, construed as increasing verisimilitude or truthlikeness. Our results shed new light on the issue of how rational (dis)agreement affects the inquirers' quest for truth. In particular, they vindicate the intuition that scientific inquiry, and rational discussion in general, benefits from some heterogeneity in opinion and interaction among different viewpoints. The links between our approach and related analyses of truth tracking, judgment aggregation, and opinion dynamics, are also highlighted.