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Urbanization is a process of environmental change which reduces and fragments the original habitat and creates new pressures, conditions, and resources for the species. The urban areas act as an ecological filter, which may exclude species, while others can colonize and thrive in cities, generating a process of biotic homogenization. As top predators, the changes in prey community composition could affect the diet of raptors. However, this effect has been understudied. In this study we compiled information about the frequency of prey consumed by Cooper's Hawk, Common Black Hawk, Roadside Hawk and Gray Hawk using two sources of information: (1) data extracted from photographs available on citizen science platforms and (2) a search of scientific literature. Using these data, we compared the diet composition, the proportion of prey consumed and the trophic niche breadth by four species of raptor in urban and non-urban areas. Additionally, we evaluated whether the variability in frequency of predation records by raptors was associated to the type of prey or their breeding season. Our results indicate that the raptors studied consumed at least 91 prey species in Mexico. Most records of predation by Common Black Hawk, Roadside Hawk, and Gray Hawk occurred in non-urban areas. On the contrary, most records of predation by Cooper's hawks occurred within urban areas. There was no statistical difference in the richness of prey consumed by Cooper's Hawk and Gray Hawk between urban and non-urban areas. In contrast, fewer prey types were consumed by Common Black Hawk and Roadside Hawk in urban areas than in non-urban areas. The proportion of prey types consumed in urban and non-urban areas was significantly different for Cooper's Hawk, Roadside Hawk and Gray Hawk. Conversely, the proportion of prey types consumed by Common Black Hawk's was similar in urban and non-urban areas. The four raptors studied increased the proportion of birds consumed in urban areas by between 2% and 36%, regardless of their preference for a specific type of prey. The trophic niche breadth of raptors was broader in urban areas than in non-urban areas, except for Cooper's Hawk, which had a narrow trophic niche breadth in urban areas than in non-urban areas. The temporal variation in the frequency of predation records was influenced by differential factors such as the breeding season, the type of prey consumed, and the utilization patterns of citizen science platforms. Our results demonstrate that the four raptors studied increased the proportion of bird consumption in urban areas. This shift in raptors' diets could be linked to the increased prevalence of diseases transmitted by feeding on infected birds in urban areas. This emphasizes the importance of conducting research to assess the prevalence and transmission rates of diseases that could threaten the conservation of birds and raptors in urban areas.

We compared the plumage, morphology, and the alarm call of two taxa of the Gray Hawk (Buteo nitidus) from north and south of a distributional gap in the species' range in Costa Rica. We found all age and sex classes completely distinguishable on the basis of several discrete plumage features. Three of four age and sex classes were diagnosably distinct by measurements of external morphology alone, and the two taxa had diagnosably different alarm calls. On the basis of the level and stability of morphological differentiation, and consistent with prior work suggesting substantial genetic differentiation between the two taxa, we recommend they be recognized as full species, B. nitidus, the Gray-lined Hawk, south of the distributional gap in Costa Rica, and B. plagiatus, the Gray Hawk, north of the gap.

Desert riparian ecosystems are among the most threatened biodiversity hotspots in the United States, and efforts to conserve them have been increasing. In 2010–2011 and 2014–2016, we examined shifts in the distribution, habitat characteristics, diet, nest success, and productivity of the gray hawk (Buteo plagiatus), 25 years after a Riparian National Conservation Area was established along the San Pedro River in Arizona, USA, to determine how the removal of grazing and agriculture may have affected the ecosystem. The gray hawk population increased and expanded from mesquite (Prosopis spp.)-dominated areas that they historically occupied into areas that were dominated by grassland. In contrast with the 1990s, percent of mesquite cover in pairs’ territories did not correlate with their productivity. Gray hawk diets also included more mammals in our study period, particularly in territories with more grassland. We propose that conservation measures created habitat for gray hawks in areas that were previously unsuitable by allowing grasslands to regenerate and become habitat for their prey, and that management strategies in the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area could serve as a model for conservation of other desert riparian ecosystems.

This study presents recently collected data examining the organic petrology, palynology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Gray Hawk coal bed. From the Early Pennsylvanian, Langsettian substage, Gray Hawk coal has been mined near the western edge of the eastern Kentucky portion of the Central Appalachian coalfield. While the coal is thin, rarely more than 0.5-m thick, it has a low-ash yield and a low-S content, making it an important local resource. The Gray Hawk coal palynology is dominated by Lycospora spp., and contains a diverse spectrum of small lycopods, tree ferns, small ferns, calamites, and gymnosperms. The maceral assemblages show an abundance of collotelinite, telinite, vitrodetrinite, fusinite, and semifusinite. Fecal pellet-derived macrinite, albeit with more compaction than is typically seen in younger coals, was observed in the Gray Hawk coal. The minerals in the coal are dominated by clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, illite), and to a lesser extent, pyrite, quartz, and iron III hydroxyl-sulfate, along with traces of chlorite, and in some cases, jarosite, szomolnokite, anatase, and calcite. The clay minerals are of authigenic and detrital origins. The occurrence of anatase as cell-fillings also indicates an authigenic origin. With the exception of Ge and As, which are slightly enriched in the coals, the concentrations of other trace elements are either close to or much lower than the averages for world hard coals. Arsenic and Hg are also enriched in the top bench of the coal and probably occur in pyrite. The elemental associations (e.g., Al2O3/TiO2, Cr/Th-Sc/Th) indicate a sediment-source region with intermediate and felsic compositions. Rare metals, including Ga, rare earth elements and Ge, are highly enriched in the coal ashes, and the Gray Hawk coals have a great potential for industrial use of these metals. The rare earth elements in the samples are weakly fractionated or are characterized by heavy-REE enrichment, indicating an input of natural waters or probably epithermal solutions.

We present new records of Gray-bellied Hawk, Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck, 1824), and Rufous-thighed Hawk, A. striatus erythronemius (Kaup, 1850), from northeastern Brazil and review the occurrence of these species in this region. While A. s. erythronemius occurs in secondary forests in the semi-arid regions of northeast Brazil, A. poliogaster seems to be associated more with mature and wet forests and not in the Caatinga scrub.

An independent film company in Britain wanted to make a documentary about Mr. [Smith] called The 21st Century Bard. The company put out a call to Shakespearean theater companies worldwide to produce his play called Sweet Love Adieu, a romantic takeoff on Romeo and Juliet. The documentary folded, but not before Cheri McKay, the producer for Shakespeare on the Green, asked to perform Mr. Smith's play in March as a fund-raiser for Shakespeare on the Green. Then she asked him to direct Two Gentlemen of Verona for Wilmington's Shakespearean festival. The other Gentleman in the play, Mr. [Gray Hawks], who plays Proteus and had an excellent showing a few years back in the title role of Pericles for then-Cape Fear [Shakespeare], has found a kindred spirit in the English director. Mr. Smith reaffirmed Mr. Hawks' belief that \"everything you need as far as staging and emotion comes from Shakespeare's text. He sticks with the text and hates to cut things out, and I'm kind of a purist like that about Shakespeare,\" Mr. Hawks said. Gray Hawks and Ryan J-W Smith star in 'Two Gentlemen of Verona' for Shakespeare on the Green. Mr. Hawks plays Proteus and and Mr. Smith plays [Valentine].

In 2000, the developer of [Gray Hawk] agreed to a commission request to put in a crusher fine walking path in the proposed subdivision. \"Please be informed that many citizens from areas in the city, which never have had sidewalks or walking paths, have repeatedly asked the Parks and Recreation Commission and Department for such paths,\" he wrote. \"The city should strongly discourage this type mistake to repeat.\" [Howard Balmer] said he would talk to other councilors and try and gather the votes necessary to prevent construction of the path in Gray Hawk.

THE charm of Adelaide's West End is not something which hits you between the eyes - you need to take time to look beyond Hindley St's facades and tardy reputation to discover the beauty of a growing arts precinct, according to a vocal advocate for the area. [Greg Mackie], Adelaide city councillor and director of Imprints Booksellers, is committed to Hindley St and what he calls its real psyche - the less-than-obvious characteristics and out-of-the-way features which make it unique. At the end of this block, turn left into Rosina St and you will find an amazing piece of public art. Created for the Adelaide Festival by Slovenian artist Matej Andraz Vogrincic, the old fly tower of West's Theatre has been covered in toy cars, creating an effect which needs to be seen to be believed. The wall is now part of a creative hub which includes, just around the corner (turn left) on Solomon St, the new home of Adelaide advertising agency Killey Withy Punshon. \"KWP! has taken a Besser-brick black box, put in a steel frame and created these three levels of office space,\" Mr Mackie says. \"It was a very ingenious adaptation.\" There are also some prime examples of graffiti art - \"another example of urban art\" - along the street. Mr Mackie believes residents are looking to expand on the artworks in the future. Continuing west, you will come across many of Hindley St's infamous landmarks before you hit the first major intersection in Morphett St. If you venture off the street for just a couple of minutes, even more arts venues will become apparent. Just by the Morphett St Bridge, you will find the Lion Arts Centre, with such tenants as Music House, as well as the University of SA's art museum. In the opposite direction is the new Roma Mitchell Arts Centre on Light Square. Venture over the intersection, and the revitalised West End of the street can be enjoyed in its full glory. Internet cafes, entertainment venues and retail all have enjoyed success since the University of SA moved in. Mr Mackie believes there are two arts sides to Hindley St - the first being the visual/ performing arts, which are largely found between King William and [Morphett] streets, and the second the live entertainment side, becoming popular in the West End. Entertainment stalwarts such as Cargo and Worldsend have been joined in recent years by the boom in small lounge clubs, a trend, Mr Mackie says, Adelaide is finally starting to follow. Clubs such as Supermild, Swing Cat Club, Moskva Vodka Bar and Minke Bar all cater for the \"new generation\" of Hindley St patrons, he says, while a couple of streets away are venues like the Garage, Cumberland Hotel and Grace Emily.

\"It's a bit of a pipe dream. I'm sure there's a million teams like us across the country, just a typical bunch of guys. \"That's honestly all we are, just a bunch of guys who have played hockey their entire lives for pure fun and enjoyment. We don't get upset with losing a game. We're there for the pure appreciation of the game.\"

For those of you who didn't pay attention in English class, the plot centers on the travails of Hamlet (Gray Hawks), an everyman thrust into an extraordinary situation when it's revealed to him that his father, the former King of Denmark, was murdered by Claudius (Joe Gallison), the king's brother and Hamlet's uncle. Claudius has now married Gertrude (Jemila Ericson), the king's widow and Hamlet's mother, and ascended to the throne. The meat of the play is Hamlet's quest for revenge. There's something New Agey about this Hamlet, a mood dictated by the music, which has Asian lutes, Native American flutes and synthesizer-distorted chanting spanning eons to create the impression of a timeless dimension where it's all Hamlet all the time. COURTESY OF PATRICIA ROSEMAN. Gray Hawks as Hamlet and [Andre Walker] as Horatio star in Hamlet at Thalian Hall.