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"Gray wolf Behavior."
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Gray wolves : howling pack mammals
\"Gray wolves are known as howling pack mammals. But how are they similar to and different from other mammals, ranging from coyotes to manatees? Readers will compare and contrast key traits of gray wolves to traits of other mammals.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Wolves of Mount McKinley
In the time of Lewis and Clark, wolves were abundant throughout North America from the Arctic regions to Mexico. But man declared war on this cunning and powerful animal when cattle replaced the buffalo on the western plains, reducing the wolf’s range to those few areas in the Far North where economic necessity did not call for its extinction.Between 1939 and 1941, Adolph Murie, one of North America’s greatest naturalists, made a field study of the relationship between wolves and Dall sheep in Mount McKinley National Park (since renamed Denali National Park) which has come to be respected as a classic work of natural history. In this study Murie not only described the life cycle of Alaskan wolves in greater detail than has ever been done, but he discovered a great deal about the entire ecological network of predator and prey.The issues surrounding the survival of the wolf and its prey are more important today than ever, and Murie helps us understand the careful balance that must be maintained to ensure that these magnificent animals prosper. Originally available only in government publications which are long out-of-print, this account of a much maligned animal is now available in its first popular edition.
eBook
The Wolves of Mount McKinley
In the time of Lewis and Clark, wolves were abundant throughout North America from the Arctic regions to Mexico. But man declared war on this cunning and powerful animal when cattle replaced the buffalo on the western plains, reducing the wolf s range to those few areas in the Far North where economic necessity did not call for its extinction.
Between 1939 and 1941, Adolph Murie, one of North America s greatest naturalists, made a field study of the relationship between wolves and Dall sheep in Mount McKinley National Park (since renamed Denali National Park) which has come to be respected as a classic work of natural history. In this study Murie not only described the life cycle of Alaskan wolves in greater detail than has ever been done, but he discovered a great deal about the entire ecological network of predator and prey.
The issues surrounding the survival of the wolf and its prey are more important today than ever, and Murie helps us understand the careful balance that must be maintained to ensure that these magnificent animals prosper. Originally available only in government publications which are long out-of-print, this account of a much maligned animal is now available in its first popular edition.
eBook
A friend for Lakota : the incredible true story of a wolf who braved bullyng
Lakota is shy and the lowest-ranking and frequently picked-on member of a wolf pack until he finally finds that supportive and nurturing friend he's always wanted.
Book
Prediction of Hydropower Generation Using Grey Wolf Optimization Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
Hydropower is among the cleanest sources of energy. However, the rate of hydropower generation is profoundly affected by the inflow to the dam reservoirs. In this study, the Grey wolf optimization (GWO) method coupled with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to forecast the hydropower generation. For this purpose, the Dez basin average of rainfall was calculated using Thiessen polygons. Twenty input combinations, including the inflow to the dam, the rainfall and the hydropower in the previous months were used, while the output in all the scenarios was one month of hydropower generation. Then, the coupled model was used to forecast the hydropower generation. Results indicated that the method was promising. GWO-ANFIS was capable of predicting the hydropower generation satisfactorily, while the ANFIS failed in nine input-output combinations.
Journal Article
An improved gray wolf optimization algorithm solving to functional optimization and engineering design problems
As a newly proposed optimization algorithm based on the social hierarchy and hunting behavior of gray wolves, grey wolf algorithm (GWO) has gradually become a popular method for solving the optimization problems in various engineering fields. In order to further improve the convergence speed, solution accuracy, and local minima escaping ability of the traditional GWO algorithm, this work proposes a multi-strategy fusion improved gray wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm. First, the initial population is optimized using the lens imaging reverse learning algorithm for laying the foundation for global search. Second, a nonlinear control parameter convergence strategy based on cosine variation is proposed to coordinate the global exploration and local exploitation ability of the algorithm. Finally, inspired by the tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) and the particle swarm algorithm (PSO), a nonlinear tuning strategy for the parameters, and a correction based on the individual historical optimal positions and the global optimal positions are added in the position update equations to speed up the convergence of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm is assessed using 23 benchmark test problems, 15 CEC2014 test problems, and 2 well-known constraint engineering problems. The results show that the proposed IGWO has a balanced E&P capability in coping with global optimization as analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank sum and Friedman tests, and has a clear advantage over other state-of-the-art algorithms.
Journal Article
Snow Leopard and Himalayan Wolf: Food Habits and Prey Selection in the Central Himalayas, Nepal
Top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem, and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. In this paper, we compared diets and prey selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the Central Himalayas, Nepal. Within the grid cells, we sampled prey abundances using the double observer method. We found that interspecific differences in diet composition and prey selection reflected their respective habitat preferences, i.e. snow leopards significantly preferred cliff-dwelling wild ungulates (mainly bharal, 57% of identified material in scat samples), whereas wolves preferred typically plain-dwellers (Tibetan gazelle, kiang and argali, 31%). Livestock was consumed less frequently than their proportional availability by both predators (snow leopard = 27%; wolf = 24%), but significant avoidance was only detected among snow leopards. Among livestock species, snow leopards significantly preferred horses and goats, avoided yaks, and used sheep as available. We identified factors influencing diet composition using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Wolves showed seasonal differences in the occurrence of small mammals/birds, probably due to the winter hibernation of an important prey, marmots. For snow leopard, occurrence of both wild ungulates and livestock in scats depended on sex and latitude. Wild ungulates occurrence increased while livestock decreased from south to north, probably due to a latitudinal gradient in prey availability. Livestock occurred more frequently in scats from male snow leopards (males: 47%, females: 21%), and wild ungulates more frequently in scats from females (males: 48%, females: 70%). The sexual difference agrees with previous telemetry studies on snow leopards and other large carnivores, and may reflect a high-risk high-gain strategy among males.
Journal Article
Effects of scent lure on camera trap detections vary across mammalian predator and prey species
Camera traps are a unique survey tool used to monitor a wide variety of mammal species. Camera trap (CT) data can be used to estimate animal distribution, density, and behaviour. Attractants, such as scent lures, are often used in an effort to increase CT detections; however, the degree which the effects of attractants vary across species is not well understood. We investigated the effects of scent lure on mammal detections by comparing detection rates between 404 lured and 440 unlured CT stations sampled in Alberta, Canada over 120 day survey periods between February and August in 2015 and 2016. We used zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed models to test the effect of lure on detection rates for a) all mammals, b) six functional groups (all predator species, all prey, large carnivores, small carnivores, small mammals, ungulates), and c) four varied species of management interest (fisher, Pekania pennanti; gray wolf, Canis lupus; moose, Alces alces; and Richardson's ground squirrel; Urocitellus richardsonii). Mammals were detected at 800 of the 844 CTs, with nearly equal numbers of total detections at CTs with (7110) and without (7530) lure, and variable effects of lure on groups and individual species. Scent lure significantly increased detections of predators as a group, including large and small carnivore sub-groups and fisher specifically, but not of gray wolf. There was no effect of scent lure on detections of prey species, including the small mammal and ungulate sub-groups and moose and Richardson's ground squirrel specifically. We recommend that researchers explicitly consider the variable effects of scent lure on CT detections across species when designing, interpreting, or comparing multi-species surveys. Additional research is needed to further quantify variation in species responses to scent lures and other attractants, and to elucidate the effect of attractants on community-level inferences from camera trap surveys.
Journal Article
Anthropogenic food resources sustain wolves in conflict scenarios of Western Iran
This study was funded by the Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF), the National Geographic Society (grant GEFNE128-14toJVL-B) and the UK Wolf Conservation Trust. J.V.L.B. was supported by a Ramon&Cajal research contract (RYC-2015-18932) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.
Journal Article