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"Greek language Semantics, Historical."
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Negation and nonveridicality in the history of Greek
This book provides a thorough investigation of the expression of sentential negation in the history of Greek. It draws on both quantitative data from texts dating from three major stages of vernacular Greek (Attic Greek, Koine, and Late Medieval Greek), and qualitative data from all stages of the language, from Homeric Greek to Standard Modern Greek. Katerina Chatzopoulou accounts for the contrast between the two complementary negators found in Greek, referred to as a NEG1 and NEG2, in terms of the latter's sensitivity to nonveridicality, and explains the asymmetry observed in the diachronic development of the Greek negator system. The volume also sets out a new interpretation of Jespersen's cycle, which abstracts away from the morphosyntactic and phonological0properties of the phenomenon and proposes instead that it is best understood in semantic terms. This approach not only explains the patterns observed in Greek, but also those found in other languages that deviate from the traditional description of Jespersen's cycle.
Book
Dormivit et resurgit. A language-ecology approach to the diachrony of the Latin ingressive perfect
After the merger of the perfect and aorist stems, the resulting
stem in Latin kept its less central functions such as resultativity and ingressivity as marked aspectual meanings in its semantic potential. Occurring first in literary and especially poetic text, as a dormant, archaic function, its use was revived in the 4th century due to intensifying exchanges with New Testament Greek, where the ingressive aorist was still more productive. The current paper examines, on the basis of a representative sample selected from all relevant time periods and various text types,
stem forms of a substantial number of stative verbs in a close-reading process, in order to ascertain more accurately the dynamics of the diachrony of Latin ingressivity. The occurrence rate of this form-function pairing is compared to significant alternations of a number of contextual factors, such as discourse type, mood, predicate fronting and the dynamics in the system of lexical ingressivity.
Journal Article
From rags to riches? An illusory semantic change in ancient Greek
The rare word λάκος occurs in an oracular enquiry from Dodona. Although it is likely to mean ‘a (bundle) of rags’, some scholars believe that the consultation concerns the theft of a garment in good condition. However, the evidence for a semantic change ‘tatters’ > ‘garment’ or vice versa in ancient Greek is weak. In this paper, we assess the evidence of some nouns (Aeolic βράκος and poetic λαῖφος, λαίφη, σπϵῖρον) that allegedly combine the meanings ‘(bundle of) tatters, rags’ and ‘piece of clothing, garment’. Drawing from the evidence provided by papyri and inscriptions, we propose two alternative hypotheses for λάκος in the Dodonaean enquiry: it may refer either to a ragged garment kept as an offering in a temple or to some tattered cloth used for wrapping various valuable items.
Journal Article
PROPOSITIONAL-FRAME ANALYSIS OF THE WORDFORMATION NEST WITH THE TOP 'ΝΟΣΟΣ' (DISEASE) IN ANCIENT GREEK
The article is written in the framework of the study of the propositional-frame structure of the concept \"DISEASE\" in the ancient Greek language. The basic name of the concept, recorded in the ancient Greek language in the form of a word-formation nest with the top vooog was analyzed. The main methodological approach is cognitive modeling of derivatives, in particular, modeling of a lexical-word-forming nest with the semantics of \"disease\" as a frame. The units of the metalanguage of description are such terms and related concepts as frame, slot, propositional scheme and proposition, which, on the one hand, reflect the most general form of verbalization of knowledge, and on the other hand, represent as clearly as possible various ways of semantic derivation and nomination of derived words. It is derived words that provide an adequate description of those types of knowledge that a person relies on when forming derivatives; at the same time, this knowledge creates the most important information for a person as a representative of a specific cultural environment and society. Based on dictionary data and original ancient Greek texts, 51 lexemes formed on the basis of the noun удоос \"disease\" were identified. The mentioned word-formation nest is represented by different parts of speech, including nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs belonging to different chronological sections and formed by prefixation (4 lexemes), suffixation (29 lexemes) and stemming (18 lexemes). The analysis made it possible to identify in the frame model of the aforementioned nest a deep level of abstraction represented by 7 slots (lack of health, intensity, soreness, pathological state of the organ, causation, eliminating disease, and diagnosis), which are based on the corresponding propositional schemes and propositions.
Journal Article
Fury or Folly? ἄνοια in Luke 6.11
In Luke 6.11, the scribes and Pharisees are filled with ἄνοια after they witness Jesus’ healing on the Sabbath. Modern English translations, beginning with the RSV, translate the word ἄνοια as rage or fury, whereas older English translations render it as madness, and modern German translations follow Martin Luther by rendering the phrase with terms such as unsinnig (‘wurden ganz unsinnig’) or Unverstand (‘wurden mit Unverstand erfüllt’). This article argues that Plato's explanation of the word ἄνοια in Timaeus 86b provides the typical semantic range of the word; it includes ἀμαθία (the folly of ignorance) and μανία (the folly of madness, or the loss of one's rational faculties), but not anger.1 This twofold usage is reflected in Greek literature from the fifth/fourth century bce through the fifth century ce, including in 2 Tim 3.9, the only other text in which ἄνοια occurs in the New Testament. To say that the scribes and Pharisees are filled with rage in Luke 6.11, therefore, both exceeds the typical function of the word ἄνοια and risks further dehumanising two groups of people who are too often dehumanised by Christian tradition.
Journal Article
Analytical developments for the Homer Multitext: palaeography, orthography, morphology, prosody, semantics
We describe ongoing development for The Homer Multitext focusing on the interlocking challenges of automated analysis of diplomatic manuscript transcriptions. With the goal of lexical and morphological analysis of prose and poetry texts, and metrical analysis of poetic texts (and quotations thereof), we face the challenge of working generically across languages and across multiple possible orthographies in each language. In the case of Greek, our working dataset includes Greek following the conventions of Attica before 404 BCE, the conventions of “standard” literary polytonic Greek, and the particular conventions found in Byzantine codex manuscripts of Greek epic poetry with accompanying commentary. The latest work involves re-implementing existing CITE Architecture libraries in the Julia language, with documentation in the form of runnable code notebooks using the Pluto.jl framework. The Homer Multitext has been a work in progress for two decades. Because of the project’s emphasis on simple data formats (plain text, very simple XML, tabular lists), our data remain valid even as we gain understanding of the challenges posed by our source-material, particularly the 10th and 11th Century manuscripts of Greek epic poetry with accompanying ancient commentary that, within themselves, represent over a thousand years of linguistic evolution. The work outlined here represents the latest shift in our development tools, a flexibility likewise made possible by the separation of concerns that has been a central value in the project.
Journal Article
Pragmatic Approaches to Latin and Ancient Greek
Pragmatics forms nowadays an integral part of the description not only of modern languages but also of ancient languages such as Latin and Ancient Greek. This book explores various pragmatic phenomena in these two languages, which are accessible through corpora consisting of a broad range of text types. It comprises empirical synchronic studies that deal with three main topics: (i) speech acts and pragmatic markers, (ii) word order, and (iii) discourse markers and particles. The specificity of this book consists in the discussion and application of various methodological approaches. It provides new insights into the pragmatic phenomena encountered, compares, where possible, the results of the investigation of the two languages, and draws conclusions of a more general nature. The volume will be of interest to linguists working on pragmatics in general and to scholars of Latin and Ancient Greek in particular.
eBook
ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА «СИНАГОГА» В ЕВАНГЕЛИЯХ ПО МАТФЕЮ И ПО МАРКУ НА ВЕПССКОМ И КАРЕЛЬСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Matteuse ja Markuse evangeeliumi vepsa ja karjala tôlgetes on môistet siinagoog edasi antud kas kogunemist voi rahvast tähistavate oma keele sóonadega (varasemates karjala Tveri murde tôlgetes ja vepsa keeles) voi vanakreeka keelest vene keele kaudu tulnud laenuga sinagoga ~ sinagougu (uuemates karjala tolgetes).
Journal Article
Secundum Quid and the Pragmatics of Arguments. The Challenges of the Dialectical Tradition
The phrase secundum quid et simpliciter is the Latin expression translating and labelling the sophism described by Aristotle as connected with the use of some particular expression “absolutely or in a certain respect and not in its proper sense.” This paper presents an overview of the analysis of this fallacy in the history of dialectics, reconstructing the different explanations provided in the Aristotelian texts, the Latin and medieval dialectical tradition, and the modern logical approaches. The secundum quid emerges as a strategy that is based on the pragmatic dimension of arguments, and in particular the complex passage from an utterance (what is said) to its logical form (a proposition in an argument). The medieval and modern logical theories attempted to explain from different philosophical perspectives how the pragmatically enriched semantic representation can be achieved, justified, and most importantly manipulated. The different analyses of this fallacy bring to light various dimensions of the pragmatics of arguments, and the complex interdependence between context, meaning, and inferences.
Journal Article
THE DIPYLON OINOCHOĒ AND ANCIENT GREEK DANCE AESTHETICS
This article asks what the graffito incised on the Dipylon oinochoē (IG I2 919, eighth century b.c.e.) reveals about the nature of the dance competition that it commemorates. Through a systematic analysis of the evaluative and descriptive meaning of the adjective ἀταλός and its cognates in early Greek epic, it is argued that a narrower definition compared to previous suggestions can be established. The word refers to the carefreeness that is specific to a child or young animal, and its uses typically imply a positive evaluation which is connected not only to the well-being that this carefreeness entails but also to the positive emotion of tenderness and the sentiment of care that it engenders in a perceiver. It is concluded that, when used to specify the criterion by which a dance contest will be adjudicated, the term refers to an aesthetic property that is repeatedly praised in archaic Greek texts in other words: that of dancing with the adorable but short-lived carefree abandon of a child.
Journal Article