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"Green Chemistry Technology - economics"
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Anaerobic digestion : making biogas - making energy : the Earthscan expert guide
\"Hundreds of million tonnes of agricultural and food waste are produced each year around the world, most of which is just that, waste. Anaerobic digestion, biogas and the heat and electricity that can be produced from it is still a nascent industry in many countries, yet the benefits of AD spread throughout the community: - Gives good financial returns to farmers and eco-entrepreneurs. - Helps community leaders meet various policies and legislative targets. - Offers an environmentally sensitive waste disposal option. - Provides a local heat and power supply, & creates employment opportunities - Reduces greenhouse gas emissions, as well as providing an organic fertilizer. Although the process of AD itself is relatively simple there are several system options available to meet the demands of different feedstocks. This book describes, in simple, easy to read language the five common systems of AD; how they work, the impact of scale, the basic requirements, the costs and financial implications, and how to get involved in this rapidly growing green industry\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Policy: Five cornerstones of a global bioeconomy
Beate El-Chichakli and colleagues outline principles for coordinating bio-based industries to achieve many of the sustainable development goals.
Journal Article
Introduction to global energy issues
\"This book seeks to provide a basis for reflection on energy at a global level. It synthesizes the main energy-related issues and requires no specialist knowledge, either of economics, engineering sciences or international relations. It comprises four main chapters, that discuss the major energy sectors (oil, natural gas, coal, synthetic hydrocarbons, electricity, renewable energy), the impacts of energy at macro-economic level, geopolitics and new issues related to energy, notably environmental aspects and successes of demand management policies. The book is aimed at industry professionals, (under)graduate students / academics, economists and policy-makers in the energy sector/field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Economics of carbon dioxide capture and utilization—a supply and demand perspective
Lately, the technical research on carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) has achieved important breakthroughs. While single CO
2
-based innovations are entering the markets, the possible economic effects of a large-scale CO
2
utilization still remain unclear to policy makers and the public. Hence, this paper reviews the literature on CCU and provides insights on the motivations and potential of making use of recovered CO
2
emissions as a commodity in the industrial production of materials and fuels. By analyzing data on current global CO
2
supply from industrial sources, best practice benchmark capture costs and the demand potential of CO
2
utilization and storage scenarios with comparative statics, conclusions can be drawn on the role of different CO
2
sources. For near-term scenarios the demand for the commodity CO
2
can be covered from industrial processes, that emit CO
2
at a high purity and low benchmark capture cost of approximately 33 €/t. In the long-term, with synthetic fuel production and large-scale CO
2
utilization, CO
2
is likely to be available from a variety of processes at benchmark costs of approx. 65 €/t. Even if fossil-fired power generation is phased out, the CO
2
emissions of current industrial processes would suffice for ambitious CCU demand scenarios. At current economic conditions, the business case for CO
2
utilization is technology specific and depends on whether efficiency gains or substitution of volatile priced raw materials can be achieved. Overall, it is argued that CCU should be advanced complementary to mitigation technologies and can unfold its potential in creating local circular economy solutions.
Journal Article
Chemistry: It's not easy being green
A prime example is supercritical carbon dioxide: ordinary, non-toxic carbon dioxide that has been heated and pressurized above its 'critical point' of 31.1 °C and 7.39 megapascals, beyond which it behaves like both a gas and a liquid, and readily serves as a solvent for a wide range of organic and inorganic reactions. Mostly, however, green chemistry's progress has been a matter of corporate buy-in, as epitomized by its promotion by the chemical industry's own voluntary initiative, Responsible Care (www.responsiblecare.org), which works with national industry associations to improve the industry's health, safety and environmental performance.
Journal Article
Monascus orange and red pigments production by Monascus purpureus ATCC16436 through co-solid state fermentation of corn cob and glycerol: An eco-friendly environmental low cost approach
The present study underlines a statistically optimized, low cost, effective approach for efficient co-valorization of two non-efficiently utilized, highly accumulated, raw agro-industrial wastes: corn cob and glycerol for co-production of natural biopigments: monascus orange and red pigments by the aid of Monascus purpureus strain ATCC 16436. A three step sequential, statistical modeling approach: one variable at a time (OVAT), Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the production of monascus pigments using co-solid state fermentation of the two raw agro-industrial wastes. Corn cob among other carbon sources (e.g., rice grains, sugarcane bagasse, and potato peel) was the most appropriate substrate triggering co-production of orange and red monascus pigments; deduced from OVAT. Glycerol and inoculum size proved to impose significant consequences (P<0.05) on the production of monascus pigments as inferred from PBD. The optimal levels of inoculum size (12 x 1011 spores/mL) and glycerol (2.17 M) did achieve a maximal color value of 133.77 and 108.02 color value units/mL of orange and red pigments, respectively at 30 oC after 10 days; concluded from CCD with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. Present data would underpin the large scale production of monascus pigments using the present approach for efficient exploitation of such biopigments in food, pharmaceutical and textile industries.
Journal Article
An economically and environmentally acceptable synthesis of chiral drug intermediate l-pipecolic acid from biomass-derived lysine via artificially engineered microbes
Abstract
Deficiency in petroleum resources and increasing environmental concerns have pushed a bio-based economy to be built, employing a highly reproducible, metal contaminant free, sustainable and green biomanufacturing method. Here, a chiral drug intermediate l-pipecolic acid has been synthesized from biomass-derived lysine. This artificial bioconversion system involves the coexpression of four functional genes, which encode l-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus, glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis, Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylase reductase from Pseudomonas putida, and lysine permease from Escherichia coli. Besides, a lysine degradation enzyme has been knocked out to strengthen the process in this microbe. The overexpression of LysP improved the l-pipecolic acid titer about 1.6-folds compared to the control. This engineered microbial factory showed the highest l-pipecolic acid production of 46.7 g/L reported to date and a higher productivity of 2.41 g/L h and a yield of 0.89 g/g. This biotechnological l-pipecolic acid production is a simple, economic, and green technology to replace the presently used chemical synthesis.
Journal Article
Microbial Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Processes and Market
Biological production of organic acids from conversion of biomass derivatives has received increased attention among scientists and engineers and in business because of the attractive properties such as renewability, sustainability, degradability, and versatility. The aim of the present review is to summarize recent research and development of short chain fatty acids production by anaerobic fermentation of nonfood biomass and to evaluate the status and outlook for a sustainable industrial production of such biochemicals. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid have many industrial applications and are currently of global economic interest. The focus is mainly on the utilization of pretreated lignocellulosic plant biomass as substrate (the carbohydrate route) and development of the bacteria and processes that lead to a high and economically feasible production of VFA. The current and developing market for VFA is analyzed focusing on production, prices, and forecasts along with a presentation of the biotechnology companies operating in the market for sustainable biochemicals. Finally, perspectives on taking sustainable product of biochemicals from promise to market introduction are reviewed.
Journal Article
Towards a low CO2 emission building material employing bacterial metabolism (2/2): Prospects for global warming potential reduction in the concrete industry
The production of concrete is one of the most significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. This work focuses on bio-cementation-based products and their potential to reduce global warming potential (GWP). In particular, we address a proposed bio-cementation method employing bacterial metabolism in a two-step process of limestone dissolution and recrystallisation (BioZEment). A scenario-based techno-economic analysis (TEA) is combined with a life cycle assessment (LCA), a market model and a literature review of consumers' willingness to pay, to compute the expected reduction of global GWP. Based on the LCA, the GWP of 1 ton of BioZEment is found to be 70-83% lower than conventional concrete. In the TEA, three scenarios are investigated: brick, precast and onsite production. The results indicate that brick production may be the easiest way to implement the products, but that due to high cost, the impact on global GWP will be marginal. For precast production the expected 10% higher material cost of BioZEment only produces a marginal increase in total cost. Thus, precast production has the potential to reduce global GWP from concrete production by 0-20%. Significant technological hurdles remain before BioZEment-based products can be used in onsite construction scenarios, but in this scenario, the potential GWP reduction ranges from 1 to 26%. While the potential to reduce global GWP is substantial, significant efforts need to be made both in regard to public acceptance and production methods for this potential to be unlocked.
Journal Article
Bioremediation of industrial effluents containing heavy metals using brewing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a green technology: a review
The release of heavy metals into the environment, mainly as a consequence of anthropogenic activities, constitutes a worldwide environmental pollution problem. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are not degraded and remain indefinitely in the ecosystem, which poses a different kind of challenge for remediation. It seems that the “best treatment technologies” available may not be completely effective for metal removal or can be expensive; therefore, new methodologies have been proposed for the detoxification of metal-bearing wastewaters. The present work reviews and discusses the advantages of using brewing yeast cells of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in the detoxification of effluents containing heavy metals. The current knowledge of the mechanisms of metal removal by yeast biomass is presented. The use of live or dead biomass and the influence of biomass inactivation on the metal accumulation characteristics are outlined. The role of chemical speciation for predicting and optimising the efficiency of metal removal is highlighted. The problem of biomass separation, after treatment of the effluents, and the use of flocculent characteristics, as an alternative process of cell–liquid separation, are also discussed. The use of yeast cells in the treatment of real effluents to bridge the gap between fundamental and applied studies is presented and updated. The convenient management of the contaminated biomass and the advantages of the selective recovery of heavy metals in the development of a closed cycle without residues (green technology) are critically reviewed.
Journal Article