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"Green parties"
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The Greens in British politics : protest, anti-austerity and the divided Left
James Dennison explains how the Greens went from obscurity to England's third largest party in just one year, quadrupling their vote share and securing their place in Britain's refigured party system on the way. Sophisticated quantitative analyses of the Greens' voters and members as well as interviews with all of the leading party insiders are used to explain how internal dynamics, changing political opportunities and a forgotten portion of the electorate resulted in an unprecedented 'Green Surge' that defied decades of British party membership decline and a lack of historic far left electoral success in the UK.
Book
The Effects of Personality Traits, Environmental Attitudes, and Demographic Factors on Green Party Support in Canada
By appealing to public concern over environmental issues, Green parties have emerged to gain secure positions in several party systems. However, in Canada, we know very little about why people support the Green Party. This research note draws upon the Canadian Election Study (CES) to explore the ways in which demographic factors, personality traits and individual environmentalism impact vote choice. Theorizing Green Party support as a form of pro-environmental behaviour, we build a model that tests the impact of demographic factors and personality traits as mediated through environmental attitudes. It finds that, while pro-environmental policy attitudes are the strongest predictor of Green Party support, several demographic factors and personality traits—specifically conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness and extraversion—have an effect.
Journal Article
Green Parties and the Quest for Biodiversity: The Political Economy of Fiscal Commitments in OECD Economies
This study focuses on green parties in government and analyzes the political economy of public spending for biodiversity and landscape protection, comparing it with other environmental and non-environmental spending categories. Using panel data covering 26 OECD economies during the sample period from 1995 to 2021, we employ an error-correction approach that effectively accounts for both the presence of stochastic trends in the data and the structure of public budgets. Our findings highlight significant differences in the political economy of biodiversity and landscape protection spending compared with other environmental expenditures. Firstly, while governments under the participation of green parties generally allocate more funds to other environmental issues, the same does not hold true for biodiversity. Secondly, growth rates of other environmental expenditures increase considerably during election periods, whereas expenditures dedicated to biodiversity and landscape protection tend to shrink. Thirdly, environmental expenditures are more procyclical in comparison with public spending for non-environmental purposes, where, however, under green parties in government the cyclicality of biodiversity and landscape protection expenditure is mitigated during periods of fiscal adjustments. These results underscore the importance of establishing enhanced and counter-cyclical funding mechanisms, bolstered by support from supranational organizations, to ensure continuous and effective preservation of biodiversity.
Journal Article
If not now, when? Climate disaster and the Green vote following the 2021 Germany floods
Can first-hand experience of a climate-related natural disaster make citizens more likely to vote in favour of progressive climate politics? Leveraging the rare occurrence of a large-scale disaster just two months before a federal election, we use a difference-in-differences design to study the short-term electoral effects of the devastating 2021 Germany floods on voter support for Germany’s major environmentalist party, the Green Party. Compared to other German voters, those living in areas affected by the floods were marginally (0.4–1.6 percentage points) more likely to vote for the Greens. The largest increases in Green vote share are observed in municipalities which were directly exposed to flooding. Contrary to expectation, we tend to find larger increases in Green Party support in the less severely affected areas. Despite substantial increases in turnout in affected areas, we find that the observed increase in vote share for the Greens was rather driven by a persuasion effect on voters who previously supported other parties. In the absence of evidence that the floods led to an increase in voters’ issue prioritisation of climate change, our results highlight the limited possibility for major natural disasters to induce increased localised support for Green parties.
Journal Article
The climate change policies of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand: An eco-socialist analysis and critical evaluation
Accelerating climate change and the ineffectiveness of governmental policy responses have led many to hope that green parties will promote more effective policy measures. This article focuses on the Green Party of Aotearoa (GPA) which has maintained continuous parliamentary representation since 1996, receiving from 5.2 to 11% of the vote in national elections from 1999 to 2020. It has been a support partner in Labour-led governments following the 2017 and 2020 elections. Providing an account of how the GPA's climate change policies have developed and shifted since the foundation of the party in 1990, this article seeks to answer the following question: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the intellectual outlook and climate change policies of the GPA with respect to likely effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions and combatting climate change? The critical analysis required to answer this question operates on two levels: with respect to critical policy analysis, the focus is on the scale, scope, sequencing and pace of change; while at a more fundamental level, the article explores the extent to which the GPA's intellectual outlook and policy programme constitute an adequate response to the problems generated by neoliberalism, capitalism, class and the disproportionate influence of business over government. It concludes that although the GPA's climate change policies are better than those of the other parliamentary parties, these policies are problematic at both levels.
Journal Article
Explaining Green Party Support in the 2019 European Parliamentary Elections: A Test of Four Hypotheses
Here we test four theoretical explanations for Green party affinity in the European Union and demonstrate that all four have significant, independent influence. We find that religion—particularly of the orthodox, practicing, Christian variety—clearly suppresses Green support, except perhaps among committed Protestants. Social structure also accounts for some backing as well, with Green parties attracting younger, well-educated citizens with comfortable social standing, who live in less densely populated areas. Even greater influence comes from a New Politics division between materialist and post-materialist voters. Post-materialists, who not only prioritize the environment over the economy but also support progressive social policies, are most likely to feel close to Green parties. So do those favoring European integration and welcoming immigrants—in short, “cosmopolitans.” In Eastern Europe, where the supply of Green parties is limited, supporters generally resemble the pan-European profile, but are concentrated among those breaking with materialist and traditionalist social norms: they are “moderns” who reject many of the political and social conventions of their post-communist societies. In that sense, they look a lot more “West European” than many of their national compatriots.
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Energy, Ecology, and the Remaking of West German Politics in the 1970s and 1980s
This article traces the transformation of West Germany's political system during the 1970s and 1980s, when an extra-parliamentary ecological opposition emerged to challenge the governing Social Democratic Party (SPD). Demographic, economic, and structural features in West Germany's political system created the space for this opposition, eventually leading to the formation of the Green Party. This article argues that ideas about energy were crucial to the movement's success, providing a focal point for reform that aimed to spur an energy transition. This movement of experts and activists pulled West Germany's political system in an ecological direction, forcing the SPD to become green itself. The transformation of West Germany's political system, in turn, set the Federal Republic on a different energy trajectory than the United States, Great Britain, and France.
Journal Article
How natural disasters can affect environmental concerns, risk aversion, and even politics: evidence from Fukushima and three European countries
We study the impact of the Fukushima disaster on environmental concerns, well-being, risk aversion, and political preferences in Germany, Switzerland, and the UK. In these countries, overall life satisfaction did not significantly decrease, but the disaster significantly increased environmental concerns among Germans. One underlying mechanism likely operated through the perceived risk of a similar meltdown of domestic reactors. After Fukushima, more Germans considered themselves as \"Very risk averse.\" However, drastic German policy action shut down the oldest reactors, implemented the phaseout of the remaining ones, and proclaimed the transition to renewables. This shift in energy policy contributed to the subsequent decrease in environmental concerns, particularly among women, Green party supporters, and people living in close distance to the oldest reactors. In Germany, political support for the Greens increased significantly, whereas in Switzerland and the UK, this increase was limited to people living close to reactors.
Journal Article
Niche Party Success and Mainstream Party Policy Shifts – How Green and Radical Right Parties Differ in Their Impact
This article investigates the impact of niche party success on the policy agendas of mainstream parties. Following from the expected electoral effects of issue politicization, the success of radical right and green parties will cause different reactions from mainstream parties. While mainstream parties emphasize anti-immigrant positions in response to radical right success, green party success will have the opposite effect for environmental issues. Since green parties constitute issue owners, their success will make established parties de-emphasize the environment. Analyzing time-series cross-section data for sixteen Western European countries from 1980 to 2011, this article empirically establishes that green and radical right parties differ in their effect on mainstream party behavior and that their impact depends on the ideological position and past electoral performance of the mainstream parties.
Journal Article
Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse
Growing up taking survival for granted makes people more open to new ideas and more tolerant of outgroups. Insecurity has the opposite effect, stimulating an Authoritarian Reflex in which people close ranks behind strong leaders, with strong in-group solidarity, rejection of outsiders, and rigid conformity to group norms. The 35 years of exceptional security experienced by developed democracies after WWII brought pervasive cultural changes, including the rise of Green parties and the spread of democracy. During the past 35 years, economic growth continued, but virtually all of the gains went to those at the top; the less-educated experienced declining existential security, fueling support for Populist Authoritarian phenomena such as Brexit, France’s National Front and Trump’s takeover of the Republican party. This raises two questions: (1) “What motivates people to support Populist Authoritarian movements?” And (2) “Why is the populist authoritarian vote so much higher now than it was several decades ago in high-income countries?” The two questions have different answers. Support for populist authoritarian parties is motivated by a backlash against cultural change. From the start, younger Postmaterialist birth cohorts supported environmentalist parties, while older, less secure cohorts supported authoritarian xenophobic parties, in an enduring intergenerational value clash. But for the past three decades, strong period effects have been working to increase support for xenophobic parties: economic gains have gone almost entirely to those at the top, while a large share of the population experienced declining real income and job security, along with a large influx of immigrants and refugees. Cultural backlash explains why given individuals support Populist Authoritarian movements. Declining existential security explains why support for these movements is greater now than it was thirty years ago.
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