Explore the vast range of titles available.

Plastids are pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform specialized functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites. They come in a variety of forms with different characteristics, enabling them to function in a diverse array of organ/tissue/cell-specific developmental processes and with a variety of environmental signals. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the distinctive roles of plastids and their transition statuses, according to their features. Furthermore, the most recent understanding of their regulatory mechanisms is highlighted at both transcriptional and post-translational levels, with a focus on the greening and non-greening phenotypes.

Street greening is widely recognized as influencing resident well-being and housing prices, and street-view imagery provides a fine-grained data source for quantifying urban microenvironments. However, existing research predominantly relies on single indicators such as the Green View Index (GVI) and overall green coverage/volume lacking a systematic analysis of how the hierarchical structure of trees, shrubs, and grass relates to housing prices. This study examines the high-density block context of Tianjin’s six urban districts. Using the Street Greening Space Structure (SGSS) dataset to construct greening structure configurations, we integrate housing-price data, neighborhood attributes, and 13,280 street-view images from the study area. We quantify how “visibility and hierarchical ratios” are capitalized on in the housing market and identify auditable threshold ranges and contextual gating. We propose an urban–forest structural system centered on visibility and hierarchical ratios that links street-level observability to ecosystem services. Employing an integrated framework combining Geographical-XGBoost (G-XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), we move beyond average effects to reveal structural detail and contextual heterogeneity in capitalization. Our findings indicate that tree visibility G_TVI is the most robust and readily capitalized price signal: when G_TVI increases from approximately 0.06 to 0.12–0.16, housing prices rise by about 8%–10%. Hierarchical structure is crucial: balanced tree–shrub ratios and moderate shrub–grass ratios translate “visible green” into functional green. Capitalization effects are environmentally conditioned—more pronounced along corridors with high centrality and accessibility—and are likewise common in dense East Asian metropolises (e.g., Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo) and rapidly motorizing cities (e.g., Bangkok and Jakarta). These patterns suggest parametric prescriptions that prioritize canopy-corridor continuity and keep ratios within actionable threshold bands. We translate these findings into urban greening strategies that prioritize canopy continuity, under-canopy permeability, and maintainability, providing sustainability-oriented, parameterized guidance for converting urban greening structure into ecological capital for sustainable cities.

Diaphorina citri, a vector of citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease, frequently leads to HLB outbreaks and reduces Rutaceae crop production. Recent studies have investigated the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the Vitellogenin (Vg4) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes, which are involved in egg formation in this pest, providing a theoretical foundation for developing new strategies to manage D. citri populations. This study presents RNAi methods for Vg4 and VgR gene expression interference and reveals that dsVgR is more effective than dsVg4 against D. citri. We demonstrated that dsVg4 and dsVgR persisted for 3-6 days in Murraya odorifera shoots when delivered via the in-plant system (IPS) and effectively interfered with Vg4 and VgR gene expression. Following Vg4 and VgR gene expression interference, egg length and width in the interference group were significantly smaller than those in the negative control group during the 10-30-day development stages. Additionally, the proportion of mature ovarian eggs in the interference group was significantly lower than that in the negative control group at the 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30-day developmental stages. DsVgR notably suppresses oviposition in D. citri, with fecundity decreasing by 60-70%. These results provide a theoretical basis for controlling D. citri using RNAi to mitigate the spread of HLB disease.

Subseasonal droughts including flash droughts have occurred frequently in recent years, which are accompanied by heatwaves or wildfires that raise a wide concern on environmental risk. However, the changing characteristics of subseasonal drought propagation, and the possible climate and environmental drivers remain unknown. This study quantifies the propagation characteristics from meteorological drought to soil drought using a Copula‐based Bayesian framework, and shows that higher propagation risks mainly occur in more humid regions with denser vegetation cover. Trends in drought propagation risk vary regionally, with a global increase of 2%/decade (p < 0.01) during 1980–2022. Vegetation greening and climate warming are the key drivers over >71% of the global vegetated lands, with mean contribution rates of 39.5% and 36.5% respectively. Other climatic factors including vapor pressure deficit and precipitation also paly critical roles, which closely correlate with temperature and vegetation. These findings highlight the importance of vegetation greening on subseasonal drought propagation dynamics. Plain Language Summary Changing characteristics of seasonal‐interannual drought propagation have been well studied at watershed scales, and they were found to be principally ruled by climate divers and moderately affected by vegetation factors. In a changing environment, subseasonal droughts have occurred frequently worldwide, showing different characteristics and environmental responses with long‐term droughts. However, how climate and environment factors affect the subseasonal drought propagation characteristics remains unknown. This study investigates the propagation risk from meteorological drought to soil drought at subseasonal timescales based on a conditional probability method. We found that higher subseasonal drought propagation risks were mainly located in more humid vegetated regions, and the propagation risk showed an overall increasing trend (p < 0.01) from a global perspective but with significant spatial variations during 1980–2022. Climatic and vegetation factors jointly affect the trends in subseasonal drought propagation risks. Among them, vegetation greening and climate warming were the most important drivers over >71% of global vegetated regions. Key Points Higher propagation risk from subseasonal meteorological to soil drought mainly occurred in humid regions with denser vegetation cover Trends in subseasonal drought propagation risk varied regionally, with a global mean increase of 2%/decade during 1980–2022 Greening and warming were the key drivers of the trends, with global mean contribution rates of 39.5% and 36.5% respectively

This study investigates the social-psychological mechanisms leading individuals in organizations to engage in environmental citizenship behaviors, which entail keeping abreast of, and participating in, the environmental affairs of a company. Informed by the corporate greening and organizational behavior literature, we suggested that an employee's level of involvement in the management of a company's environmental impact was the overt manifestation of his or her discretionary sense of commitment to environmental concerns in the work context, and that such commitment developed through the interplay of individual, organizational, and supervisory factors. Our general findings support the idea that when environmental protection is valued and encouraged by the company and line managers, organization members are more likely to experience a volitional sense of attachment and responsibility to corporate environmental goals and values, which is enacted through citizenship behaviors. We also expected that individual ecological beliefs would strengthen the environmental commitment of employees via identification with, and adherence to, the socially responsible cause embodied by the organization and its managerial staff. But it did not. On the contrary, the data indicated that corporate environmental policy is more likely to influence an employee's level of environmental commitment when he or she holds weak versus strong personal ecological beliefs. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed.

Citrus is a highly valued tree crop worldwide, while, at the same time, citrus production faces many biotic challenges, including bacterial canker and Huanglongbing (HLB). Breeding for disease‐resistant varieties is the most efficient and sustainable approach to control plant diseases. Traditional breeding of citrus varieties is challenging due to multiple limitations, including polyploidy, polyembryony, extended juvenility and long crossing cycles. Targeted genome editing technology has the potential to shorten varietal development for some traits, including disease resistance. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA technology to modify the canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1 in Duncan grapefruit. Six independent lines, DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, were generated. Targeted next‐generation sequencing of the six lines showed the mutation rate was 31.58%, 23.80%, 89.36%, 88.79%, 46.91% and 51.12% for DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, respectively, of the cells in each line. DLOB2 and DLOB3 showed canker symptoms similar to wild‐type grapefruit, when inoculated with the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). No canker symptoms were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 at 4 days postinoculation (DPI) with Xcc. Pustules caused by Xcc were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 in later stages, which were much reduced compared to that on wild‐type grapefruit. The pustules on DLOB9 and DLOB10 did not develop into typical canker symptoms. No side effects and off‐target mutations were detected in the mutated plants. This study indicates that genome editing using CRISPR technology will provide a promising pathway to generate disease‐resistant citrus varieties.

Summary Changes in skin colour, as a visual cue for fruit ripeness, are important physiological markers in many crops including tomato, banana and grape. In kiwifruit, the skin remains brown during ripening, but de‐greening of the pericarp occurs to reveal accumulated carotenoids and anthocyanins in gold‐ and red‐fleshed cultivars. In this study, analysis of the inner and outer pericarp of Actinidia chinensis ‘Hongyang’ revealed faster chlorophyll degradation in the inner pericarp, compared with the outer pericarp. Based on transcriptome analysis, two chlorophyll degradation‐related genes encoding Mg‐dechelatases (AcSGR1 and AcSGR2) were more abundantly expressed in the inner pericarp, and this correlated with higher Mg‐dechelatase enzyme activity in the inner pericarp than in the outer pericarp. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis identified potential regulators of AcSGR1/2. A differentially expressed NAM/ATAF/CUC transcription factor AcNAC2 was identified, which could directly interact with AcSGR1 and AcSGR2 promoters and strongly activate their expression. A closely related NAC, AcNAC3, also enhanced AcSGR1/2 expression, but was less abundantly expressed. Transient expression in tobacco confirmed that AcNAC2 and AcNAC3 promote chlorophyll degradation, and stable overexpression in kiwifruit verified that AcNAC2 acts via up‐regulation of AcSGR1/2 gene expression. CRISPR‐mediated knockouts of AcNAC2/3 in kiwifruit dramatically reduced expression levels of AcSGR1/2 genes in fruit, leading to significantly delayed chlorophyll degradation and de‐greening. Together, these results suggest that differential chlorophyll degradation drives the differences observed in chlorophyll content between the inner and outer pericarp of kiwifruit, which is principally modulated by the transcription factor AcNAC2.

Aim To quantify current and predict future distribution of the citrus greening pathogens “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) in Africa and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus” (Laf) globally. Location Africa. Methods Three species distribution models (MaxEnt, BIOCLIM and Boosted Regression Trees) were used to predict the current and future potential distribution of Las in Africa, and the potential global distribution of Laf, using long‐term bioclimatic variables. Two climate change scenarios (moderate and extreme) were employed to determine how future climate alterations may affect the potential distribution of Las in Africa. Presence data from global reports of Las, as well as the new positional points obtained in this survey, were used to predict the habitat suitability of the pathogen in Africa, while the presence data points of Laf were used to predict the global habitat suitability. Testing data comprised 25% of the presence only points. Results Consensus of the three models predicted a potential distribution of Las in large areas of Western, Eastern and sub‐Saharan Africa. North Africa was mostly unsuitable for Las, except for the northern fringes. The potential distribution of Laf included South and Central America, Asia and Australia. In Europe, the United Kingdom and the Iberian Peninsula showed marginal suitability for Laf. The projections under the future climate change scenarios showed an increase in the Laf habitat suitability hotspots under the extreme scenario. Main conclusions This study highlights the potential establishment and distribution in Africa of Las‐associated Huanglongbing and globally for Laf‐associated with African citrus greening disease. The ensemble modelling approach for the distribution of plant pathogens is a valuable tool for the development of strategies for crop protection. These results constitute an early alert for citrus‐producing regions that should inform strategies for surveillance and preventive management against the invasion and spread of this destructive disease.

It is imperative to know the spatial distribution of vegetation trends in India and its responses to both climatic and non-climatic drivers because many ecoregions are vulnerable to global climate change. Here we employed the NDVI3g satellite data over the span of 35 years (1981/82–2015) to estimate vegetation trends and corresponding climatic variables trends (i.e., precipitation, temperature, solar radiation and soil moisture) by using the Mann–Kendall test (τ) and the Theil–Sen median trend. Analysis was performed separately for the two focal periods—(i) the earlier period (1981/82–2000) and (ii) later period (2000–2015)—because many ecoregions experienced more warming after 2000 than the 1980s and 1990s. Our results revealed that a prominent large-scale greening trend (47% of area) of vegetation continued from the earlier period to the later period (80% of area) across the northwestern Plain and Central India. Despite climatologically drier regions, the stronger greening trend was also evident over croplands which was attributed to moisture-induced greening combined with cooling trends of temperature. However, greening trends of vegetation and croplands diminished (i.e., from 84% to 40% of area in kharif season), especially over the southern peninsula, including the west-central area. Such changes were mostly attributed to warming trends and declined soil moisture trends, a phenomenon known as temperature-induced moisture stress. This effect has an adverse impact on vegetation growth in the Himalayas, Northeast India, the Western Ghats and the southern peninsula, which was further exaggerated by human-induced land-use change. Therefore, it can be concluded that vegetation trend analysis from NDVI3g data provides vital information on two mechanisms (i.e., temperature-induced moisture stress and moisture-induced greening) operating in India. In particular, the temperature-induced moisture stress is alarming, and may be exacerbated in the future under accelerated warming as it may have potential implications on forest and agriculture ecosystems, including societal impacts (e.g., food security, employment, wealth). These findings are very valuable to policymakers and climate change awareness-raising campaigns at the national level.

Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced a slowdown of the vegetation greening since the late 1990s. This structural change (i.e., greening) along with canopy physiology (i.e., potential photosynthetic productivity) regulates vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP). However, it remains unclear how the joint regulation influences the trend of alpine GPP under climate change. Here, we validate a universal productivity model against flux‐based and satellite‐derived observations at TP and diagnose the long‐term climatic impacts on GPP via canopy physiology and structure. We found an increasing but weakening trend of GPP after 1998. About 3/4 of this slowdown was attributed to the slowing greening after 1998, which was caused by the fact that the stress of atmospheric aridity and reduced benefits of warming overwhelmed the positive effects of CO2 fertilization and radiation enhancement. This study highlights the coupling between canopy structure and productivity for the long‐term period. Plain Language Summary Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through their leaves via process of photosynthesis. The green surface area of leaves and portions exposed to sunlight harvest the energy from the sun, while the plant's physiology determines how much and how well light radiation is used. The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change and has experienced a slowdown since 1998 of its hitherto increasing total vegetation greenness. An important point that remains unclear is whether, and to what proportion this slowdown in the capacity to absorb CO2 is attributed to the green canopy vegetation and/or its physiology. To gain insight into this question, we input data from 1982 to 2015 into a simulation model to separate the contributions of different environmental factors that brought about variation in CO2 capture. In this way we can understand what factors related to the canopy structure and/or plant physiology. We found that increased atmospheric aridity and reduced warming together led to a marked slowdown of canopy greening after 1998, leading to a continuous decline in efficiency to capture atmospheric CO2. Our research continues to highlight the important role of canopy structure on carbon capture trends for the alpine ecosystem and provides insights for the vegetation‐climate response. Key Points The increasing trend of gross primary productivity on the Tibetan Plateau has slowed down from +3.15 ± 0.41 to +0.77 ± 0.03 g C m−2 yr−2 around 1990s Canopy greenness change contributed much more (about 3/4) to slow the gross primary productivity (GPP) increasing trend than canopy physiology effects after 1998 Increasing atmospheric aridity and slowing warming rate diminished the persistent greening and led to the slowdown of increasing GPP