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Rural greenway systems passing through woodlands to connect urban societies are valuable in terms of not only transportation but also roadside tree phenology and ecophysiology and associated recreation. Therefore, particularly during their foliation periods, monitoring and analyses of that phenological and ecophysiological course of the roadside trees will primarily indicate their gradual degree of closure and will determine their gradual degree of coverage on the road and the roadside. Hence, the leaf area index (LAI) is a significant and comprehensive canopy parameter which is referred to for those monitoring and analyses procedures. This gradual-closure indicator and coverage determinant parameter can further be used for detecting shading and recreation potential, as well as the safety level of those greenways. Major driving factors of the phenological and ecophysiological course can also be investigated by monitoring and assessing the development of and change in the mean LAI under the influence of the mean temperature, height and diameter at breast height (DBH) values. Therefore, for this study, in order to monitor and determine the development of and change in LAI, hemispherical photographs were taken beneath the tree canopies at 10 different points along part of a regionally well known greenway system, which involves alleys of Platanus orientalis L. (oriental plane) trees. This point-based hemispherical photographing procedure was applied and repeated 20 times, particularly during the foliation period between mid-March and late June, when a total of 200 photographs were obtained and analysed using a digital image processing method. The seasonal course of the LAI values was graphed for each point, and principally the daily mean LAI (ranging between 0.35 and 2.76 m.sup.2 m.sup.-2) was evaluated referring to both the air and the soil (-10 cm) temperature data. The point-based maximum LAI values (average 2.76 m.sup.2 m.sup.-2, ranging between 2.42 and 3.16) were achieved during mid-June. They were examined comparing their ranking with the rankings of the basic physiological parameters: mean height (ranging between 17.0 and 26.7 m) and mean DBH (ranging between 26.5 and 38.2 cm) and number of trees (5 to 15) within the canopy frames of the relevant points. Afterwards, the phenologically based and daily mean LAI values were discussed dependent upon their high and significant correlation, particularly with the soil temperature data (r = 0.89, P 0.01), and the point-based maximum LAI values were also discussed dependent upon their non-correlation with the point-based mean height and mean DBH. In conclusion, the overall results of this study primarily emphasize the influence of the soil temperature on the phenological course of oriental plane canopies and on the development of their daily mean LAI, particularly during their foliation period. This current effect of the soil temperature indicates the potential alarm triggered by the early budburst dates and associated possible advance of the tree foliation period, depending on the warming capacity of the road asphalt and roadside pavement on the soil underneath, particularly during and after new-pavement and resurfacing practices.

\"With the progress of urbanisation worldwide, the conflict between architecture and green areas in the urban context is becoming increasingly pressing. The concept of integrated landscape arises as an important approach to increase green areas while not occupying valuable inner city lands, and thus finds its way in more and more cities around the world. The book focuses on the theme of integrated landscape, addressing its two main categories respectively: green walls and rooftop gardens. Thirty-nine cutting-edge projects are selected to present the latest trends in landscape design.\"--Dust jacket.

Urban inland rivers are closely related to urban development, but high-density urbanisation has reduced the natural function of streams and the riverbanks are hardened into two parts, embankment walls and berms, which give rise to a variety of riparian landscapes. However, the difference in the height of riparian walkways affects the degree of their greening and landscape effects. In this paper, we studied single- and double-decker urban greenways, constructed quantitative indicators of spatial elements based on deep learning algorithms using an image semantic segmentation (ISS) model that simulates human visual perception, used random forests and multivariate linear regression models to study the impact of the height difference of the linear riverfront greenway on visual perception, clarified the impact of the visual landscape differences caused by different types of space on landscape aesthetic preferences (LP) and confirmed the impact of the specific extent to which landscape components influence preferences. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences in landscape perception scores between the single and double layers. (1) The influence of WED (negative correlation) and NI (positive correlation) is large in the single-layer greenway. The colour, material and structure of the guardrail can be beautified and diversified and the quality of the greenery can be taken into account to maintain the visibility of the greenery in order to improve the score of the single-layer greenway. (2) The significant influence of BVI in the double-layered greenway is positive. Water-friendly or water-viewing spaces can be added appropriately to improve the landscape score of double-layered greenways. This study is applicable to the regional landscape feature identification of single- and double-decker greenways on large-scale urban hard barge bank images, which realises the whole-region feature identification of a large-scale human perspective and is an effective expansion of analysis techniques for sustainable landscape planning and the design of riparian greenways.

As towns and cities worldwide deal with fast-increasing land pressures, while also trying to promote more sustainable, connected communities, the creation of green spaces within urban areas is receiving greater attention than ever before. At the same time, the value of the 'green belt' as the most prominent model of green space planning is being widely questioned, and an array of alternative models are being proposed. This book explores one of those alternative models - the 'green wedge', showing how this offers a successful model for integrating urban development and nature in existing and new towns and cities around the world. Green wedges, considered here as ducts of green space running from the countryside into the centre of a city or town, are not only making a comeback in urban planning, but they have a deeper history in the twentieth century than many expect - a history that provides valuable insight and lessons in the employment of networked green spaces in city design and regional planning today.

Greenway is an important linear public space that meets the diverse needs of the public. With the increasing popularity of greenway construction, the study of different greenway usage behavior in different socio-economic areas is of great value to the detailed design and construction of greenway in the future. Using the theory of environment-behavior studies (EBS), this study selected representative urban greenways and suburban greenways in Beijing, China, and conducted a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics and the chi-squared test are used to quantitatively analyze and summarize the behavior of greenway users. It is found that user gender, educational level, and residence (i.e., permanent resident or visitor), as well as season of use, are highly similar for urban greenways and suburban greenways in Beijing. However, due to a close relationship with urban location, modified by temporal, spatial, and personal factors, different behavioral characteristics are evident as follows: (1) Urban greenways are most closely related to daily life, work and education of urban residents, with short travel distances, short single use time, high frequency of use, high social and cultural value, wide distribution of age groups and wide distribution of time periods of use. (2) Suburban greenways are an important choice for residents’ outdoor activities on weekends and holidays. It is mainly used for ecological protection and sightseeing, supplemented by sports and fitness functions. It has the characteristics of low use frequency, high income level, wide distribution of time and distance, mainly used by young and middle-aged people, and used for a single time of more than 1 hour. Natural scenery along the trail is the most important attraction factor, and waterfront space and walking space are the main use behavior characteristics.

As an important green infrastructure, urban greenways can provide a range of socio-ecological benefits and play an important role in improving the urban ecological environment and enhancing the quality of living. Currently, the relationship between service quality and the actual benefits of greenways has not been sufficiently explored in urban greenway research. This study introduces the concept of “efficiency”, determines service efficiency and service effectiveness as the evaluation dimensions, selects 4 first-level indicators and 12 second-level indicators to evaluate the service efficiency of greenways, and constructs an evaluation model using a combination of subjective and objective assignments. This study uses the overall service effectiveness index and the efficiency–effectiveness balance index to measure the overall performance of the greenway space in the hope of revealing the key factors and reasons that affect the service effectiveness of the greenway and providing a theoretical basis for optimizing the planning and management of the greenway. Using ArcGIS network analysis technology, image semantic segmentation technology, a questionnaire survey, network text analysis, and other methods to quantify the indicators, this paper conducts an empirical study on four municipal greenways in Nanjing. This research shows that the factors affecting the service effectiveness of greenways mainly include the landscape environment, greenway functions, transportation conditions, and supporting facility factors. The contradiction between the single-function positioning and the variety of user needs is the main reason for the imbalance between the efficiency and effectiveness of urban greenways. This study provides a new path to quantify greenway service effectiveness and enriches the greenway evaluation theory.

Greenways offer sustainable benefits at ecological, cultural and economic levels, enhancing human well-being. Landscape performance assessment is a crucial task for evaluating these benefits and guiding the sustainable development of greenways. To clarify the characteristics and roles of landscape performance in the development of the US greenway system, text analysis was conducted using KH Coder, and a meta-analysis was performed on three databases to select research cases on greenway performance evaluation in the US. The results show that the evaluation of social performance is higher than that of ecological and economic performances, and the data related to economic performance is more difficult to obtain. The efficacy of greenway projects varies with the construction stage and is influenced by social background and target benefits. The sustainability characteristics of high co-occurrence relationships are key to guiding greenway performance assessment, which helps in selecting indicators for evaluating greenways and providing references for improving planning directions. In the future, innovative technical means tailored to the goals of greenway landscapes should be used for performance evaluation.

India’s unique geographical, economic, and cultural landscapes present distinct challenges and opportunities for developing greenways. Unlike their counterparts in the United States and Europe, Indian greenways must navigate fragmented and varied green spaces across different regions. This paper delves into the ecological, environmental, and planning advantages of greenways, proposing a methodology tailored for the Indian context. It outlines a comprehensive template for greenway design, drawing upon academic literature, satisfaction surveys, and insights from local ecological experts. The methodology is applied to a case study in Pune, Maharashtra, resulting in a template design for greenways network that seamlessly integrates the existing fragmented network of green paths. This paper further explores the integration of urban infrastructure by defining a non-motorized traffic network that connects metropolitan centers to the region’s rich cultural heritage resources. Embark on a journey to discover how greenways can revolutionize sustainable non-motorized transportation in India, transforming urban landscapes and fostering a healthier environment for all. Highlights for public administration, management and planning:

Greenways are important natural environment places in cities, which have a great restorative effect on human physiological and mental health. The restoration effect of urban greenways on the physical and mental health of urban residents is affected by the type of greenway space. In order to reveal the restorative effects of different types of urban waterfront greenway spaces on the human body and explore restorative environmental factors, this paper firstly used the expert survey method to construct an AHP (analytic hierarchy process) model, which yielded three types of criterion-level indicators and eight types of sub-indicators. Second, taking Nanxun Avenue Greenway in Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China, as an example, it was divided into three types of greenway spaces—waterfront space, underwood space, and lawn space—on the basis of field surveys. A total of 30 subjects participated in this outdoor experience and collected their physiological and psychological data. The results of the experiment showed that all three types of spaces in the Nanxun Avenue Greenway had a restorative effect on human physical and mental health, and all of them were effective in lowering blood pressure and heart rate, as well as eliminating negative emotions and increasing positive emotions for most of the participants. The waterfront space had the best restorative effect, followed by the underwood space and the lawn space. The main restorative environmental factors differed among each of the three types of spaces. This paper provides insights and examples for exploring the restorative benefits of urban greenways.