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"Grendel"
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Beowulf
\"Beowulf tells the story of a Scandinavian hero who defeats three evil creatures--a huge, cannibalistic ogre named Grendel, Grendel's monstrous mother, and a dragon--and then dies, mortally wounded during his last encounter. If the definition of a superhero is \"someone who uses his special powers to fight evil,\" then Beowulf is our first English superhero story, and arguably our best. It is also a deeply pious poem, so bold in its reverence for a virtuous pagan past that it teeters on the edge of heresy. From beginning to end, we feel we are in the hands of a master storyteller. Stephen Mitchell's marvelously clear and vivid rendering re-creates the robust masculine music of the original. It both hews closely to the meaning of the Old English and captures its wild energy and vitality, not just as a deep \"work of literature\" but also as a rousing entertainment that can still stir our feelings and rivet our attention today, after more than a thousand years. This new translation--spare, sinuous, vigorous in its narration, and translucent in its poetry--makes a masterpiece accessible to everyone.\" -- Publisher's description
Book
Algebraic Attacks against Grendel: An Arithmetization-Oriented Primitive with the Legendre Symbol
The rise of modern cryptographic protocols such as Zero-Knowledge proofs and secure Multi-party Computation has led to an increased demand for a new class of symmetric primitives. Unlike traditional platforms such as servers, microcontrollers, and desktop computers, these primitives are designed to be implemented in arithmetical circuits. In terms of security evaluation, arithmetization-oriented primitives are more complex compared to traditional symmetric cryptographic primitives. The arithmetization-oriented permutation Grendel employs the Legendre Symbol to increase the growth of algebraic degrees in its nonlinear layer. To analyze the security of Grendel thoroughly, it is crucial to investigate its resilience against algebraic attacks. This paper presents a preimage attack on the sponge hash function instantiated with the complete rounds of the Grendel permutation, employing algebraic methods. A technique is introduced that enables the elimination of two complete rounds of substitution permutation networks (SPN) in the sponge hash function without significant additional cost. This method can be combined with univariate root-finding techniques and Gröbner basis attacks to break the number of rounds claimed by the designers. By employing this strategy, our attack achieves a gain of two additional rounds compared to the previous state-of-the-art attack. With no compromise to its security margin, this approach deepens our understanding of the design and analysis of such cryptographic primitives.
Journal Article
Beowulf in parallel texts
\"This dual-language edition of Beowulf is for the general reader's enjoyment of the poem and to serve as a study guide for students of English language and literature. To meet this dual purpose, the book provides the two texts running in parallel.\" -- Page [4] of cover.
Book
The Nordic Beowulf
Cross-disciplinary study arguing that the material, geographical, historical, social, and ideological framework of Beowulf cannot be the independent literary product of an Old English Christian poet, but was in all essentials created orally in Scandinavia.
eBook
Beowulf as Children’s Literature
Beowulf as Children's Literature brings together a
group of scholars and creators to address important issues of
adapting the Old English poem into textual and pictorial forms that
appeal to children, past and present.
eBook
Headley’s The Mere Wife: Diffused Satire in a troubling piece of Beowulfiana
Focus on Grendel's Mother leads us to expect a feminist attack on male heroic narrative, but Maria Dahvana Headley offers us a complex and nuanced look at parent-child, upper-lower class, and male-female patterns of interaction in this novel symbiotic upon the Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF. Since the attacks sometimes seem contradictory, I use diffused satire theory to separate the various kinds of satire, show where contradictions and ambiguities occur, and show how they can be resolved. Headley makes the point that you need to hear from all the voices in an event, not just from the last one who writes the history. What she does is give us those various voices and goad us to work out our personal positions on the issues for which she offers no easy satiric answer.
Journal Article
“You are the spawn of Cain!” Grendel’s mother’s literary appropriations
The paper is devoted to the study of three post-2000 novels appropriating Beowulf, whose common denominator is the amplification and humanization of the figure of Grendel’s mother and the reconstruction of her potential personal history. The paper argues that multiple ambiguities concerning Grendel’s mother in the poem render her a perfect vehicle for exploring modern assumptions concerning monstrosity, humanity, and femininity. By foregrounding the fact that the canonicity of Beowulf legitimizes the status quo that it represents, the paper elucidates the reasons for which modern female writers look to such an old and culturally remote text. They seem to recognize Beowulf as a carrier of cultural memory and, in their herstories, they often attempt to present the values that it espouses as the foundations of persistent objectification and oppression of women. The female authors also strive to point to the male appropriation of history and memory by presenting mechanisms leading to the dehumanization of Grendel’s mother such as defamation, exile, and oblivion. Identifying Beowulf as a text written by a man, for men, and about men, they offer its feminist reclamations written by women, for women, and about women. The paper also discusses the alternative morality and wisdom represented by women in these modern novels as well as their criticism of traditional gender roles as social constructs which fail to appreciate female self-efficiency, resourcefulness, individualism, psychological strength, and stamina.
Journal Article
Hermeneutics of Lack of Lack and the Dyad of the (m)Other and the Shared Other, in Zemeckis’s Beowulf
Beowulf (2007), the film directed by Robert Zemeckis, retells the story in the Old English epic Beowulf with a shifting of perspective. While the epic looks at the conflict between Beowulf and Grendel from a patriarchal vantage point, the film offers a view of things from Grendel’s Mother’s perspective. In the film Grendel represents the return of the repressed violating the order of the symbolic in Heorot. Thus, Grendel’s Mother appears as the subversive heroine who resists the humanizing/castrating elements in the symbolic and stands for the unsymbolised cause of desire. In the course of the film, she metamorphoses into the incarnation of the (m)Other, the discourse of the unconscious. The Kings, in the aftermath of their encounter with the (m)Other, betray what they represent in the epic and this time the roles are reversed as in their case the (m)Other conquers the representative of the paternal metaphor. In such a context, the film makes the (m)Other central to its account of culture and society, and it evacuates the male rationality and control in its patriarchal discourse. Due to the emphasis put on the (m)Other and the bankruptcy of the paternal metaphor, the internal and external otherness, and how the internal otherness determines the course of things in the symbolic, this article aims to offer a psychoanalytical reading of the film using Lacanian ideas as the conceptual backcloth.
Journal Article
HROÐGAR AND THE GYLDEN HILT IN BEOWULF
The account of the destruction of the giants in the flood presented in lines 1689b–93 of Beowulf is probably the commentary of the narrator and not part of the inscription on the hilt. It is addressed to the audience, and it completes our understanding of the significance of Beowulf's victory beneath the mere. Hroðgar's extended gaze at the hilt before he begins his speech is a sign that he is also reaching toward a new understanding of the eotenas who have plagued his people. Regardless of whether he is able to read the runic inscription on the hilt, he can read the hilt itself against Beowulf's account of his struggle. The presence of the hilt in his hands implies an extensive social nexus for his apparently solitary enemies, who are now revealed as the enemies of God as well. Hroðgar knows nothing of the biblical stories of Cain and Abel or the flood, but his understanding of the meaning of Grendel's attacks now tracks that of the audience fairly closely. Although his “sermon” is not a direct response to the brief account of the flood, this account provides us with a context for understanding his speech.
Journal Article
Beowulf and Silicon
The element silicon (Si) and its chemical compounds are widely described in the sciences and in the arts. This section of the
SpringerNature
journal
SILICON
is entitled
POETS’ CORNER
and it is a place where the artistic aspects of silicon-based materials are to be found. In this article, we will look back to Anglo-Saxon times for descriptions of silicon in a poetic setting. Specifically, we shall work our way through three translations into Modern English of the Anglo-Saxon poem
Beowulf
and then discuss the references to silicon that are cited therein. These Modern English terms will be put in the context of how they are defined in a 21
st
century encyclopedia. This is article is the fourth to be published in the ongoing series of articles that are given in
POETS’ CORNER
.
Journal Article