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Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs
Imperium in Imperio (1899) was the first black novel to countenance openly the possibility of organized black violence against Jim Crow segregation. Its author, a Baptist minister and newspaper editor from Texas, Sutton E. Griggs (1872-1933), would go on to publish four more novels; establish his own publishing company, one of the first secular publishing houses owned and operated by an African American in the United States; and help to found the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Tennessee. Alongside W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, Griggs was a key political and literary voice for black education and political rights and against Jim Crow. Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs examines the wide scope of Griggs's influence on African American literature and politics at the turn of the twentieth century. Contributors engage Griggs's five novels and his numerous works of nonfiction, as well as his publishing and religious careers. By taking up Griggs's work, these essays open up a new historical perspective on African American literature and the terms that continue to shape American political thought and culture.
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“Make the Separation Physical”: (De)legitimizing Black Separatism in Sutton E. Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio
The 1890s have often been described as perhaps the low point of the United States’ race relations. Sutton E. Griggs’s
(1899) imagines a complex solution to this racial nadir, a proto-Black Nationalist plot that would create an “empire within an empire.” The title of Griggs’s text acknowledges America’s imperial power, while also imagining an alternative narrative of utopianism. Furthermore, the novel anatomises the systematic removal of African Americans from the nation’s dream of a white future, offering a threatening antithesis to the ideals that sustain that future. However, the novel clearly does not present a model of doctrinaire nationalism, but rather a divided and unresolved striving for a new way out of America’s racial nightmare. Rather than producing a coherent solution, Griggs’s novel outlines various solutions to the problems of his age. Two approaches to black leadership, militancy and cooperation, are embodied by the novel’s two protagonists, Bernard Belgrave and Belton Piedmont, respectively. The novel ends oscillating irresolutely between ambiguous conciliation and fantasised insurrectionary threat: two resolutions that are crucially engendered by each character’s familial situation, and by each character’s relationship with the broader conceptual ‘family America.’ The novel finds only temporary resolution, or “philosophical pragmatism,” a provisional solution to a racial nightmare that centres on the persistently resonant dream of the American family.
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Pioneers and Populists: Sutton E. Griggs, Oscar Micheaux, and Independent Black Publishing at the Turn of the Century
Recent scholarship on Black print cultures has paid close attention to self- and independent publication. These studies tend to center writer-publishers from the antebellum and Harlem Renaissance periods, arguing that Black authors published their works out of either financial necessity or desire for editorial independence. However, the causes and meanings of Black independent publishing changed during the postbellum, pre-Renaissance period. In this essay, I focus on Sutton E. Griggs and Oscar Micheaux, two early twentieth-century novelists who labored outside of and in opposition to both the Black press and white, mainstream publishers. Ultimately, I argue that Griggs's and Micheaux's use of commission presses carved new paths for Black writers to dissent against emerging trends in political and literary culture: US expansionism and the early corporatization of literary publishing. This essay urges scholars to treat turn-of-the-century commission presses as neglected archives of radical texts.
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“Racial Greatness” Reconsidered: Race Theory, Masking, and Pragmatism in Sutton Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio
This essay situates Sutton Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio (1899) as a pragmatic intervention in Jim Crow-era discourses around Black Nationalism. Highlighting Griggs’s instrumentalist relationship to race theory in both Imperium and Guide to Racial Greatness (1923), this essay argues that his works are fertile sites for examining a distinctly African American tradition of philosophical pragmatism that sought to conceptualize racial solidarity in nonessentialist ways. It further suggests that Griggs’s pragmatism, responding to the unique pressures of the Jim Crow period, emphasized the need for emancipatory efforts to be masked and embedded within the very structures they sought to dismantle.
Journal Article
Coupling antigorite deformation and dehydration in high-pressure experiments
The dehydration of antigorite is an important reaction in subduction zones with implications on both geochemical and geophysical processes. In this experimental study we focus on the onset of antigorite dehydration and investigate various chemical and physical parameters as possible drivers for the fluid release. We performed hydrostatic and co-axial Griggs experiments on antigorite serpentinites with variable chemical composition and microstructures at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions across the antigorite dehydration (1.5 GPa, 620–670 °C). For these conditions, our thermodynamic models predict the formation of olivine from magnetite decomposition and partial dehydration of antigorite. Detailed analyses of the run products reveal limited magnetite decomposition. Antigorite dehydration is restricted to samples that have been deformed. Nano-sized olivine and orthopyroxene formed locally in oblique dehydration bands and exhibit neither a clear crystallographic preferred orientation nor a topotactic relation with precursor antigorite. We argue that limited local dehydration in our experiments is related to strain and variations in reaction kinetics. Systematic investigation excludes mineralogical and chemical heterogeneities, and temperature gradients as reaction driving potentials. The structural relation of the dehydration bands suggests deformation-related dehydration, which is supported by numerical simulations that couple reaction kinetics with mechanical work rate and self-consistently predict dehydration bands. In this scenario, strain concentration due to applied axial stress locally increases the internal energy of antigorite to reach the activation energy of the dehydration reaction, enabling dehydration. This study highlights the importance of coupled mechanical and chemical processes and provides a mechanistic framework for deformation-induced dehydration of antigorite.
Journal Article
The Roots and Routes of Black Emancipation in Sutton Griggs's Imperium in Imperio
KEYWORDS: Sutton Griggs, southern literature, regionalism, civil rights, African American literature Using James Clifford's theorization of roots and routes and Rinaldo Walcott's conception of future-oriented Black expressivity, I show how Sutton Griggs's Imperium in Imperio (1899) discursively creates a space that is both real and imagined wherein Black life and conceptions of freedom and citizenship in the South are re-visioned. I show that this re-visioning renders Texas as what Edward Soja would term a \"Thirdspace,\" distinct from the North and the South, where Black survival and flourishing are imaginable.
Journal Article
Dehydration of brucite + antigorite under mantle wedge conditions: insights from the direct comparison of microstructures before and after experiments
Hydration/dehydration of mantle peridotite significantly influences the mechanical properties at subduction zone interfaces. In particular, brucite is mechanically weak, antigorite + brucite occurs in shallow mantle wedges, and dehydration of this assemblage to form olivine is often observed. However, the bulk-rock strength of brucite-bearing serpentinite is poorly constrained due to the difficulty of crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) measurements of brucite, and the dehydration of brucite + antigorite has not been investigated experimentally. Within the hydrated mantle in subduction zones, brucite disappears at lower temperatures than antigorite. Therefore, previous studies using natural brucite-bearing serpentinites have been limited despite the potential importance of brucite in subduction zones. Here, we succeeded in conducting electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses of brucite within mantle wedge-derived serpentinite samples (Shiraga body) from the subduction-type Sanbagawa metamorphic belt and, for the first time, conducted experiments on the dehydration of antigorite + brucite using natural samples of brucite-bearing serpentinite subjected to experimental conditions of 500 °C and 0.9 GPa using a Griggs-type apparatus. By directly comparing the texture using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EBSD before and after the dehydration reaction, we reveal that grains of metamorphic olivine were nucleated within existing brucite grains and show the importance of olivine topotactic growth from brucite. As a similar texture is observed in naturally formed metamorphic olivine in the Shiraga body, the occurrence of pre-existing brucite and its topotaxy with olivine when it reacts with antigorite to form olivine may be an important feature of the development of olivine CPO within the mantle wedge corner.
Journal Article
Dilatational force in percutaneous tracheostomy : how much is too much?
•The complication most feared is posterior tracheal wall perforation or tracheal rupture.•No recommendation has been made about the maximum force that should be applied to the dilating forceps.•Bronchoscopy is used continuously at all times during the procedure.•Observe for approximation of the anterior and posterior wall of the trachea
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Percutaneous tracheostomy: Comparison of three different methods with respect to tracheal cartilage injury in cadavers—Randomized controlled study
Background: Performing tracheostomy improves patient comfort and success rate of weaning from prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation. Data suggest that patients have more benefit of percutaneous technique than the surgical procedure, however, there is no consensus on the percutaneous method of choice regarding severe complications such as late tracheal stenosis. Aim of this study was comparing incidences of cartilage injury caused by different percutaneous dilatation techniques (PDT), including Single Dilator, Griggs’ and modified (bidirectional) Griggs’ method. Materials and methods: Randomized observational study was conducted on 150 cadavers underwent post-mortem percutaneous tracheostomy. Data of cadavers including age, gender and time elapsed from death until the intervention (more or less than 72 h) were collected and recorded. Primary and secondary outcomes were: rate of cartilage injury and cannula malposition respectively. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that method of intervention was significantly associated with occurrence of cartilage injury, as comparing either standard Griggs’ with Single Dilator ( p = 0.002; OR: 4.903; 95% CI: 1.834–13.105) or modified Griggs’ with Single Dilator ( p < 0.001; OR: 6.559; 95% CI: 2.472–17.404), however, no statistical difference was observed between standard and modified Griggs’ techniques ( p = 0.583; OR: 0.748; 95% CI: 0.347–1.610). We found no statistical difference in the occurrence of cartilage injury between the early- and late post-mortem group ( p = 0.630). Neither gender ( p = 0.913), nor age ( p = 0.529) influenced the rate of cartilage fracture. There was no statistical difference between the applied PDT techniques regarding the cannula misplacement/malposition. Conclusion: In this cadaver study both standard and modified Griggs’ forceps dilatational methods were safer than Single dilator in respect of cartilage injury.
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