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Groundwater pumping from wells, together with water uses such as agricultural irrigation have been converting formerly open groundwater basins into closed systems that accumulate total dissolved solids (TDS). This process of anthropogenic basin closure and salinization (ABCSal) would appear to pose a threat to groundwater sustainability that is at least as formidable as groundwater overdraft and contamination from the surface, yet has been little explored. Models of groundwater flow and solute transport herein show that groundwater basin openness itself should be considered a primary determinant of sustainability. Results show that groundwater basin closure is a threshold condition that sets the aquifer system on a path of increasing salinity that can only be halted by opening the basin. Further, the magnitude of groundwater pumping and degree of basin closure significantly influence the spatial distribution of salinity. In open basins, salinity approaches dynamic equilibrium over long‐term conditions. Stratification of higher‐TDS groundwater overlying lower‐TDS groundwater occurs below farmlands whose irrigation‐supplying wells are impacted by irrigation return flow from upstream farmlands, and act to redistribute relatively saline groundwater to the land surface. More intensive pumping leads to groundwater basin closure and more vertically‐oriented groundwater flow toward pumping wells. TDS retainment in the basin and repeated well capture, re‐distribution as irrigation water, and evapoconcentration lead to progressive salinization. Regardless of basin closure status, fresh recharge protects nearby downstream portions of the basin from salinization, indicating that managing or limiting the spread of contaminated groundwater may be achieved via managed aquifer recharge of good quality water. Plain Language Summary This paper presents hydrologic basin openness, the degree to which inflow of groundwater is balanced by non‐evaporative outflow, as a new criteria for groundwater sustainability. Water use practices such as irrigation and groundwater pumping have in many cases been reducing groundwater basin openness, promoting accumulation of dissolved intrabasin salts. State‐of‐the‐art but simple groundwater models demonstrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of this Anthropogenic Basin Closure and groundwater Salinization (ABCSal) process. Simulations show that significant salinization with total dissolved solids concentration exceeding 1,000 to 6,000 mg/L can occur in large portions of a basin within two to six centuries. Strength of pumping and the degree of basin closure significantly influence spatial extent and organization of zones with different salinities. Structured salinization zones and relatively low salinity levels downstream of fresh recharge areas indicate viable water management strategies (e.g., managed aquifer recharge of good quality water) for coping with ABCSal consequences. However, maintaining sufficient groundwater basin openness is required to avoid ABCSal, necessitating a different paradigm of integrated water resources management with much greater emphasis on subsurface storage of water and more modern and intensive monitoring of the groundwater system state to ensure a sustainable evolution trajectory of both groundwater quantity and quality. Key Points Groundwater pumping and irrigation cause progressive groundwater salinization that can be halted only by maintaining enough basin openness Groundwater development strength influences groundwater flow pattern and salt load, and ultimately, the salinization pattern and intensity Distinct zones of different salinity levels establish under open and closed basin status

Jakarta groundwater basin is one of the most developed basins in Indonesia as Jakarta city is located within the basin, with an elevation ranging from 0 to 1000 m above sea level. The study of the basement characteristics of groundwater basins still needs further study in the Jakarta Groundwater Basin. The objective of this study is to examine the basement characteristics of Jakarta Groundwater Basin by satellite gravimetry. Gravity forward models were constructed using Oasis Montaj and 2-D GM-SYS software for two north-south sections, A and B, and west-east section C-D. Regional anomalies in the study area with a value range of 36.7 to 53.2 mGal, while the residual anomaly values in the study area were in the range of -7.0 - 10.0 mGal. There are four rock formations based on forwarding modeling. Holocene Beach Ridge Deposit formation has a density of 2.0 gr/cc. The thickness of this formation is estimated to be around 10-20 meters. Late Pleistocene Alluvial fan has a density of about 2.2 gr/cc. The depth of this layer ranges from 10-50 meters. Early Pleistocene Formation, has a density of 2.35 gr/cc. The thickness of this formation is at a depth of 50-200 meters in the cross-section. The Tertiary Marine Sediment Formation is a basement of the Jakarta Groundwater Basin. This formation has a rock density of 2.45 gr/cc. 

Delineation of groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) has been performed for a coastal groundwater basin of eastern India. The groundwater potential zone index (GWPZI) map is generated by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) from different influencing features, e.g., Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC), soil (S), geomorphology (GM), hydrogeology (HG), surface geology (SG), recharge rate (RR), drainage density (DD), rainfall (RF), slope (Sl), surface water bodies (SW), lineament density (LD), and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). Recharge rate values are estimated from hydrological water balance model. Overlay weighted sum method is used to integrate all thematic feature maps to generate GWPZ map of the study area. Four zones have been identified for the coastal groundwater basin [very good: 36.39 % (273.53 km 2 , good: 43.57 % (327.47 km 2 ), moderate: 18.27 % (137.30 km 2 ), and poor: 1.77 % (13.27 km 2 )]. Areas in north to south-west and south-east direction show very good GWPZ due to the presence of low drainage density. GWPZ map and well yield values show good agreement. Sensitivity analysis reveals that exclusion/absence of rainfall and lineament density increases the poor groundwater potential zones. Omission of hydrogeology, soils, surface geology, and NDVI show maximum increase in good GWPZ. Obtained GWPZ map can be utilized effectively for planning of sustainable agriculture. This analysis demonstrates the potential applicability of the methodology for a general coastal groundwater basin.

Pasuruan Regency is one of the areas in East Java that has grown into a medium to large scale of industrial area. Most of these are food and beverage factories that require large amounts of water. Groundwater is the main choice in meeting the need for clean water, because it is better quality than surface water. The entire Pasuruan Regency is included in the Pasuruan Groundwater Basin which is classified as very productive, because of the recharge area is on the high rainfall zone. This paper discusses the results of research on the geometric shape of aquifers in areas where there is a meeting between fresh water and brackish water, also show that the geometry of the aquifer, as well as the boundary between freshwater and saltwater. The research was conducted using the geoelectrical resistivity method in the Rembang and Bangil District areas, with the VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) measurement method, also based on data from groundwater quality testing in several drilled wells. The result of the research shows that brackish water is indicated by a zone with very low resistivity. Furthermore, this is in accordance with the results of water quality test.

Jakarta is the center of Indonesia’s economy and development. However, the city of Jakarta suffers from many problems related to groundwater, and good groundwater governance is needed to realize groundwater sustainability. Groundwater management can be initiated by undertaking conceptual and numerical groundwater modeling. This paper reviews several previous studies related to groundwater modeling of the Jakarta groundwater basin that have provided information about the groundwater system and groundwater quantity. However, improvements are required for any further studies. The critical challenges to providing a complete picture of the groundwater conditions in the Jakarta groundwater basin are the availability of reliable data and improved groundwater flow models.

In 2021, Ngawi district became the largest rice producer in East Java. Groundwater is the main water source used for irrigation purposes. Lack of management for developing necessary irrigation wells has resulted in uncontrolled groundwater use, potentially reducing groundwater quantity and quality. This study aims to analyze groundwater vulnerability zones. An assessment was conducted using the Aplis and Foster methods, and their parameter classes can be customized to match the conditions of the research area. The Aplis method considers five parameters: altitude (A), slope (P), lithology (L), infiltration (I), and soil (S). The Foster method considers four parameters: aquifer response characteristics (RA), aquifer storage characteristics (DS), aquifer thickness (s), and groundwater depth (h). The vulnerability values obtained using the Aplis method ranged from 30 to 131 and were divided into four classes: low, moderate, high, and very high. The Vulnerability values obtained using the Foster method ranged from 10 to 15 for the low and moderate classes. A non-technical approach through the strict application of permits and restrictions on groundwater usage is a basis for formulating policies related to groundwater management in the research area.

This study explores the impact of land use changes on groundwater recharge in the Prachinburi–Sakaeo basin, Thailand. This region is pivotal for the growth of the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), encompassing urban, industrial, and tourism sectors. The research emphasizes the influence of land use dynamics on groundwater recharge within this basin. Employing the CA-Markov and WetSpass models, the study simulates six land use scenarios and their corresponding groundwater recharge rates projected for 2072. The results reveal significant spatial variations in land use due to urbanization and a general decline in groundwater recharge rates. Scenarios with lower levels of urbanization show the most substantial decrease. To counteract this, conservation zones have been established to preserve watershed forests. Consequently, the projected average groundwater recharge rates for 2072 are estimated at 202.82 mm/year under the RCP 4.5 scenario and 77.94 mm/year under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The study identifies areas in the western, central, and eastern regions as having critically low groundwater recharge rates (decreased below 200 mm/year in almost all scenarios). This comprehensive analysis is vital for informed urban planning and sustainable water resource management, crucial to maintaining the region's environmental health. Graphical Abstract

The management of groundwater, a common-pool resource, is a fundamental collective action problem that can lead to over-exploitation. Our paper examines the management of two groundwater basins in California’s Central Coast region whose geographic proximity, land use patterns, socioeconomic characteristics, and timing of institutional formation provide an ideal basis for comparative study. However, each basin is governed by a distinctive institutional configuration. The Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency is a legislatively created Special Act District with a collective public management focus, while the Santa Paula Groundwater Basin is managed through a court adjudication with a rights-based focus. We compare the legal and administrative foundations of these institutional arrangements and examine their implications for the polycentric regulation of sustainable groundwater use. We find that while adjudication may specify groundwater rights, an approach that scholars argue can be critical for achieving sustainability, it also promotes insularity with a wider polycentric system and this ultimately limits its management strategies. The Special Act District, by contrast, does not encourage as clear an allocation of water rights, but does encourage a broad sustainability mission and wider polycentric engagement, though it still struggles with declining groundwater levels. Ultimately, neither institutional arrangement fully addresses the problem of groundwater sustainability. This suggests the need for further research on how institutional configurations and developmental pathways impact resource outcomes.

This paper describes the complex hydrogeological, legal framework and socioeconomic costs of the groundwater protection in major groundwater basins (MGBs) in Poland in accordance with European directives. The hydrogeological criteria developed in Poland for establishing MGBs and the principles of their protection provide more details to the directives that are in force in Europe, which define the general principles for groundwater protection. The procedure of establishing MGB protection zones is connected with a change in local plans and land development and requires an analysis of the cost–benefit relationship in the sphere of social economy in the sector of public economics. The cost assessment was performed on the basis of data from hydrogeological documentations, and the aggregation of subareas to which the same existing and planned development can be attributed. A legal analysis of bans, orders and restrictions together with the identification of the risk of claims in specific hydrogeological and development conditions was a fundamental issue of research. These costs depend on the acreage and land use of the protected area. The unit costs of MGB protection, calculated per 1 km2 of the protection area, for six sample basins were estimated at €120 to €208,000/2 years/1 km2. The highest costs are generated by establishing protection in urban areas, while the lowest costs are generated in forest areas.

Groundwater exploration is an alternative to meet raw water needs because of the increasing water demand and the dwindling surface water availability. Water use continues to increase along with the rate of population growth in the Rote Ndao Regency. Therefore, an initial assessment of the presence of groundwater can be carried out by identifying the groundwater basin area. Batutua is one of the groundwater basin areas occupied by the most population because it is the capital of Rote Ndao Regency. This study aims to identify aquifer systems and flow patterns as the basis for groundwater exploration in the Batutua groundwater basin area. The method used in this groundwater aquifer system study is the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method. The VES method is a geoelectrical method used to investigate the layers of an aquifer by interpreting the current that penetrates the soil using two electrodes and the potential response. Geoelectrical investigations were carried out at 8 points in the Batutua groundwater basin area. The aquifer is found in water-containing coral limestone areas where water flows through fractures as secondary permeability. The groundwater flow direction was obtained by measuring the groundwater levels in 14 dug wells and 24 springs. The research’s area aquifer system is formed by upper shallow aquifer as an unconfined aquifer with a thickness less than 20 m and lower shallow aquifer as a semi-confined aquifer that has clay or marls on upper layer and limestone in below with the flow direction from the East to the West and the North part of the study area.