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The emergence phenomena of swarm intelligence exist widely in nature and human society. People have been exploring the root causes of the emergence of swarm intelligence and trying to establish general theories and models for the emergence of swarm intelligence. However, the existing theories or models do not grasp the essence of swarm intelligence, so they lack generality and are difficult to explain various phenomena of the emergence of swarm intelligence. In this paper, a contradiction-centered model for the emergence of swarm intelligence is proposed. In the model, the internal contradictions of individuals determine their behavior and properties; individuals are related and interact within the swarm because of competing and occupying environmental resources; interactions and group potential affect the internal contradictions of individuals and the contradictions’ distribution in the swarm; and the swarm intelligence is manifested as the specific distribution of contradictions. This model completely explains the condition, force, approach, form, and process of the emergence of swarm intelligence. For validating this model, several swarm intelligence systems were analyzed and implemented in this paper. The experimental results show that the model has good generality and can be used to describe the emergence of various swarm intelligence.

As distributed generation (DG) becomes increasingly integrated into the distribution grid, the structure of the distribution network is becoming more complex. To enhance the safety and cost-effectiveness of distribution systems, distribution network reconfiguration is gaining significant importance. Achieving optimal distribution network reconfiguration entails two key considerations: A feasible topology and economic efficiency. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a novel approach that combines the potential island detection in undirected-graphs and the application of a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for network reconfiguration optimization. To begin, we identified island categories based on the type of switchable-branches connected to these islands, allowing for the construction of potential island groups. Subsequently, unfeasible topologies were eliminated based on the conditions under which islands form within these potential island groups. Feasible topologies were then used to construct a model for network reconfiguration optimization. The optimal distribution network topology is determined using the WOA. In the final phase, the proposed method's effectiveness was demonstrated through a case study on the IEEE-33 node distribution network under scenarios with and without DG integration. The results showed that the proposed method exhibited better performance than traditional approaches in distribution network reconfiguration.

[Purpose/Significance] The development of the Internet and digital economy has brought new opportunities for the development of digital marketing. At the same time, digital marketing is the implementer and forerunner of digital economy. Digital marketing is an important way to promote the digital transformation of enterprises. Therefore, the research of this paper has certain significance for the development of digital economy and digital marketing as well as the digital transformation of enterprises. [Method/Process] In line with the development direction and policy of digital marketing, this paper analyzes the policy direction of digital marketing and reviews and summarizes the enlightenment of the policy. Combined with the development process of the Internet technology, it visually reviews the evolution of digital marketing practice, providing reference for digital marketing research and guidance for the practice of digital marketing. Following the path of user-preference-evaluation-promotion, the research emphases of digital marketing were analyzed and reviewed. [Results/Conclusions] In terms of policy direction, the policy enlightenment of digital marketing can be summarized as follows: (1) Digital marketing should serve the national strategy and accelerate the construction and development of digital economy. (2) Data security belongs to the national strategy, and privacy security is the basis of digital marketing. (3) Connectivity builds a new ecology and new way of digital marketing, and the whole-area marketing reshapes the brand growth. (4) It is suggested to vigorously develop digital marketing to promote the rise of domestic products. In terms of practical development, the practical development of digital marketing is divided into four stages: one-way marketing, interactive marketing, precision marketing and smart marketing. The practical development of digital marketing can be summarized as follows: (1) The application scope of digital marketing is more extensive, involving all aspects of market behavior, such as medical industry, supply chain, and agricultural products. (2) The current focus of digital marketing has changed from the original dissemination of customer acquisition to user operation, the whole process of interaction, user experience, etc. (3) Data can drive marketing. The core of digital marketing is the analysis and mining of data. The current digital marketing practice focuses more on the collection and analysis of user data and the generation of marketing strategies and behaviors driven by data. In terms of research focus, it can be divided into the research of digital community user group, digital community user preference, consumption potential evaluation and development, and digital marketing effectiveness evaluation.

Alkyl sulfate monoesters are involved in cell signaling and structure. Alkyl sulfates are also present in many commercial detergents. Here, we show that monomethyl sulfate acts as an efficient alkylating agent in water, reacting spontaneously with oxygen nucleophiles >100-fold more rapidly than do alkylsulfonium ions, the usual methyl donors in living organisms. These reactions of methyl sulfate, which are much more rapid than its hydrolysis, are insensitive to the nature of the attacking nucleophile, with a Brønsted $\\beta _{{\\rm nuc}}$ value of -0.01. Experiments at elevated temperatures indicate a rate constant of 2 × 10⁻¹¹ s⁻¹ for the uncatalyzed hydrolysis of methyl sulfate at 25°C $(t_{1/2}=1,100\\ {\\rm y})$, corresponding to a rate enhancement of ≈10¹¹-fold by a human alkylsulfatase. Equilibria of formation of methyl sulfate from methanol and sodium hydrogen sulfate indicate a group transfer potential ($\\Delta G_{{\\rm pH}7}^{\\prime}$) of -8.9 kcal/mol for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The magnitude of that value, involving release of the strong acid ${\\rm HSO}_{4}^{-}$, helps to explain the need for harnessing the free energy of hydrolysis of two ATP molecules in activating sulfate for the biosynthesis of sulfate monoesters. The \"energy-rich\" nature of monoalkyl sulfate esters, coupled with their marked resistance to hydrolysis, renders them capable of acting as sulfating or alkylating agents under relatively mild conditions. These findings raise the possibility that, under appropriate circumstances, alkyl groups may undergo transfer from alkyl sulfate monoesters to biological target molecules.

The Internet’s rapid development from the 1.0 version to the 2.0 one has triggered the appearance of social networks. Facebook is Illustrative of them due to the number of users it attracts and its international range of dispersion. Although a beginner in communication, Facebook Romania is prone to contribute highly to the “content generator” market in what concerns its users. In order to create or maintain a brand’s positive image it is necessary to know some elements regarding the demographic aspects of the target public, and its attitudes, predilections or behaviours in general. Thus, web pages created on Facebook can “transform” its users into fans and there is a possibility that afterwards these fans become image -vectors by way of the delivered experiences. This article tries to study the fundamental elements that could make up the profile of a user from the targeted group as a potential destination image- vector.

This research reported here speaks to a contentious debate concerning the potential negative consequences of diversity for trust. We tested the relationship between neighborhood diversity and out-group, in-group, and neighborhood trust, taking into consideration previously untested indirect effects via intergroup contact and perceived intergroup threat. A large-scale national survey in England sampled White British majority (N = 868) and ethnic minority (N = 798) respondents from neighborhoods of varying degrees of diversity. Multilevel path analyses showed some negative direct effects of diversity for the majority group but also confirmed predictions that diversity was associated indirectly with increased trust via positive contact and lower threat. These indirect effects had positive implications for total effects of diversity, cancelling out most negative direct effects. Our findings have relevance for a growing body of research seeking to disentangle effects of diversity on trust that has so far largely ignored the key role of intergroup contact.

Meeting the ever-growing demand for electrical storage devices requires both superior and “greener” battery technologies. Nearly 40 years after the discovery of conductive polymers, long cycling stability in lithium organic batteries has now been achieved. However, the synthesis of high-voltage lithiated organic cathode materials is rather challenging, so very few examples of all-organic lithium-ion cells currently exist. Herein, we present an inventive chemical approach leading to a significant increase of the redox potential of lithiated organic electrode materials. This is achieved by tuning the electronic effects in the redox-active organic skeleton thanks to the permanent presence of a spectator cation in the host structure exhibiting a high ionic potential (or electronegativity). Thus, substituting magnesium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate for lithium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate enables a voltage gain of nearly +800 mV. This compound being also able to act as negative electrode via the carboxylate functional groups, an all-organic symmetric lithium-ion cell exhibiting an output voltage of 2.5 V is demonstrated. Organic electrode materials could enable novelty chemistry required by the new generation of batteries. Here the authors show the synthesis and electrochemical performance of Mg(Li 2 )- p -DHT as a lithiated cathode material that cycles at 3.4 V due to the presence of a spectator cation in the host structure.

The rate of action potential firing in nociceptors is a major determinant of the intensity of pain. Possible modulators of action potential firing include the HCN ion channels, which generate an inward current, I h , after hyperpolarization of the membrane. We found that genetic deletion of HCN2 removed the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)—sensitive component of I h and abolished action potential firing caused by an elevation of cAMP in nociceptors. Mice in which HCN2 was specifically deleted in nociceptors expressing Na v 1.8 had normal pain thresholds, but inflammation did not cause hyperalgesia to heat stimuli. After a nerve lesion, these mice showed no neuropathic pain in response to thermal or mechanical stimuli. Neuropathic pain is therefore initiated by HCN2-driven action potential firing in Na v 1.8-expressing nociceptors.