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This book brings together a wide variety of meta-reflections on shifts in economy, power relations and organizing in confrontation with practices of citizenship. The focus is directed towards the position of (im)measurability of certain changes on meta-level within (organized) practices of citizenship. The organization or 'organizing' is the turntable, the metaphor, through which we can exemplify the emergence of growing citizen consciousness. In short, we see 'organizing' as the central metaphor wherewith the shift of the societal paradigm can be tested/verified/examined. In this book, different perspectives shall be represented on how people develop through organizing. It is more or less a residue of invisible processes that take place in and with people, through changes in discourses and in founding new types of communities and networks such as the creation of alternative local (exchange)trade opportunities. Citizenship implies exercise. On behalf of their experience with, through or while working in an organization, people 'make' their own membership of a community, an organization and/or a society.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) greatly expand the structures and functions of proteins in nature 1 , 2 . Although synthetic protein functionalization strategies allow mimicry of PTMs 3 , 4 , as well as formation of unnatural protein variants with diverse potential functions, including drug carrying 5 , tracking, imaging 6 and partner crosslinking 7 , the range of functional groups that can be introduced remains limited. Here we describe the visible-light-driven installation of side chains at dehydroalanine residues in proteins through the formation of carbon-centred radicals that allow C–C bond formation in water. Control of the reaction redox allows site-selective modification with good conversions and reduced protein damage. In situ generation of boronic acid catechol ester derivatives generates RH 2 C • radicals that form the native (β-CH 2 –γ-CH 2 ) linkage of natural residues and PTMs, whereas in situ potentiation of pyridylsulfonyl derivatives by Fe( ii ) generates RF 2 C • radicals that form equivalent β-CH 2 –γ-CF 2 linkages bearing difluoromethylene labels. These reactions are chemically tolerant and incorporate a wide range of functionalities (more than 50 unique residues/side chains) into diverse protein scaffolds and sites. Initiation can be applied chemoselectively in the presence of sensitive groups in the radical precursors, enabling installation of previously incompatible side chains. The resulting protein function and reactivity are used to install radical precursors for homolytic on-protein radical generation; to study enzyme function with natural, unnatural and CF 2 -labelled post-translationally modified protein substrates via simultaneous sensing of both chemo- and stereoselectivity; and to create generalized ‘alkylator proteins’ with a spectrum of heterolytic covalent-bond-forming activity (that is, reacting diversely with small molecules at one extreme or selectively with protein targets through good mimicry at the other). Post-translational access to such reactions and chemical groups on proteins could be useful in both revealing and creating protein function. A wide range of side chains are installed into proteins by addition of photogenerated alkyl or difluroalkyl radicals, providing access to new functionality and reactivity in proteins.

Mathieu groups are one type of the sporadic simple groups, they turn out not to be isomorphic to any member of the infinite families of finite simple groups. Study these groups is interesting since their orders are very high. Groupoid can be used to find the presentation of the subgroups of the Mathieu groups. The idea is creating a groupoid by acting the Mathieu group on a subset of this group and then calculating the presentation of the vertex group of the groupoid which represents the presentation of the subgroup as the vertex groups are isomorphic.

In this paper we establish the endoscopic classification of tempered representations of quasi-split unitary groups over local fields, and the endoscopic classification of the discrete automorphic spectrum of quasi-split unitary groups over global number fields. The method is analogous to the work of Arthur on orthogonal and symplectic groups, based on the theory of endoscopy and the comparison of trace formulas on unitary groups and general linear groups.

Lignin-based activated carbon fibers (LCFK) were prepared by electrospinning method and evaluated in adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Batch adsorption experiments for various component were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The molecular polarity of VOCs plays a pivotal role in the monocomponent dynamic adsorption. As a result, the adsorption capacity of toluene was larger than that of methanol or acetone. In the various multicomponent atmospheres (without water), the components interact with each other and competitive adsorption phenomenon occurs, resulting in the adsorption capacity of each component decreased significantly. Also, the samples before and after adsorption were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm titration. The results reveal that methanol and acetone, controlled by physical adsorption, prefer to be adsorbed on polar groups on the surface of LCFK through the dipole–dipole interactions (i.e., van der Waals’ forces). Differently, the adsorption of toluene onto LCFK was controlled by physical and chemical processes, and the lactone groups have a positive contribution to the adsorption of toluene. It was also observed that water vapor can enhance the negative effect on the adsorption of VOCs, especially for toluene. The results from this study will be valuable for explaining the mechanisms of competitive adsorption among each component in the various multicomponent atmospheres and understanding the contribution of chemical functional groups on the surface of LCFK in the adsorption process.

Microbial metabolism powers biogeochemical cycling in Earth's ecosystems. The taxonomic composition of microbial communities varies substantially between environments, but the ecological causes of this variation remain largely unknown. We analyzed taxonomic and functional community profiles to determine the factors that shape marine bacterial and archaeal communities across the global ocean. By classifying >30,000 marine microorganisms into metabolic functional groups, we were able to disentangle functional from taxonomic community variation. We find that environmental conditions strongly influence the distribution of functional groups in marine microbial communities by shaping metabolic niches, but only weakly influence taxonomic composition within individual functional groups. Hence, functional structure and composition within functional groups constitute complementary and roughly independent \"axes of variation\" shaped by markedly different processes.

Social commerce (s-commerce)-the use of social media to support electronic commerce-has become pervasive. This paper aims to investigate an important type of consumer behaviour that could generate considerable economic value: impulsive purchase behaviour. Specifically, we focus on the role of peer influence. Social influence theory posits that the process via which peers change a consumer's behaviour can be interpreted along two dimensions: informational and normative. Furthermore, drawing from literature, source credibility and social support are proposed as the antecedent factors of the influencing processes in this context. We surveyed 303 s-commerce participants in Sina Weibo to empirically test the research model. The results indicate that peers' expertise and trustworthiness are significantly related to both types of social influence that could exert an influence on a consumer. Further, consumers' exchange of informational and emotional social support significantly facilitates social influence among them. This study contributes to both the s-commerce and the impulsive purchase literature by revealing the role of peer influence in consumers' impulsive consumption behaviour in the s-commerce setting. The practical implications are also illustrated in the paper.

Vicinal diamines are a common structural motif in bioactive natural products, therapeutic agents, and molecular catalysts, motivating the continuing development of efficient, selective, and sustainable technologies for their preparation. We report an operationally simple and environmentally friendly protocol that converts alkenes and sodium azide—both readily available feedstocks—to 1,2-diazides. Powered by electricity and catalyzed by Earth-abundant manganese, this transformation proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits exceptional substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Using standard protocols, the resultant 1,2-diazides can be smoothly reduced to vicinal diamines in a single step, with high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies are consistent with metal-mediated azidyl radical transfer as the predominant pathway, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation.

Despite decades of ground-breaking research in academia, organic synthesis is still a rate-limiting factor in drug-discovery projects. Here we present some current challenges in synthetic organic chemistry from the perspective of the pharmaceutical industry and highlight problematic steps that, if overcome, would find extensive application in the discovery of transformational medicines. Significant synthesis challenges arise from the fact that drug molecules typically contain amines and N-heterocycles, as well as unprotected polar groups. There is also a need for new reactions that enable non-traditional disconnections, more C–H bond activation and late-stage functionalization, as well as stereoselectively substituted aliphatic heterocyclic ring synthesis, C–X or C–C bond formation. We also emphasize that syntheses compatible with biomacromolecules will find increasing use, while new technologies such as machine-assisted approaches and artificial intelligence for synthesis planning have the potential to dramatically accelerate the drug-discovery process. We believe that increasing collaboration between academic and industrial chemists is crucial to address the challenges outlined here.

Efficient exfoliation of graphite in solutions to obtain high-quality graphene flakes is desirable for printable electronics, catalysis, energy storage, and composites. Graphite oxide with large lateral dimensions has an exfoliation yield of ~100%, but it has not been possible to completely remove the oxygen functional groups so that the reduced form of graphene oxide (GO; reduced form: rGO) remains a highly disordered material. Here we report a simple, rapid method to reduce GO into pristine graphene using 1- to 2-second pulses of microwaves. The desirable structural properties are translated into mobility values of >1000 square centimeters per volt per second in field-effect transistors with microwave-reduced GO (MW-rGO) as the channel material and into particularly high activity for MW-rGO catalyst support toward oxygen evolution reactions.