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elite artistic gymnasts. Eight female gymnasts (16.0 ± 2.7 years) were compared to a control group of eight untrained peers (15.9 ± .4 years). Over a 4-month preparatory period, the gymnasts underwent training focused on strength, speed, and endurance development. Anaerobic performance was assessed before and after the intervention using the Wingate test, countermovement jumps (with and without arm swing), repeated vertical jumps (10- and 60-second series), and handstand jumps on a contact mat-based ergometer. Key performance indicators included peak and mean power output, fatigue index, jump height, and blood lactate concentration. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon T-tests for within-group and Mann-Whitney U-tests for between-group comparisons. Post-training, the gymnasts demonstrated significant improvements (p ≤ .05) in jump height, power output, and fatigue resistance across multiple tests. The control group showed no significant changes, except for a minor increase in mean power output in the 60-second jump test. These findings suggest that targeted gymnastic training during the preparatory phase effectively enhances anaerobic capacity, potentially enabling gymnasts to perform more complex elements and improve overall competitive performance. V raziskavi smo preučevali, kako posebna priprava vpliva na anaerobne sposobnosti vrhunskih telovadk v orodni telovadbi. Osem telovadk (16,0 ± 2,7 leta) smo primerjali s skupino osmih običajnih vrstnic (15,9 ± 0,4 leta). V štirimesečnem pripravljalnem obdobju so telovadke vadile z osredotočenostjo na moč, hitrost in vzdržljivost. Anaerobno zmogljivost smo pred in po vadbenem posegu ocenili z Wingateovim preizkusom, s skokom z nasprotnim gibanjem (z in brez zamaha rok), s ponavljajočimi se navpičnimi skoki (nizi po 10 in 60 sekund) ter z odrivi iz stoje na rokah na merilnem sistemu s kontaktno blazino. Glavni kazalniki so bili največja in povprečna moč, kazalnik utrujenosti, višina skoka ter delež mlečne kisline v krvi. Za primerjave znotraj skupin smo uporabili Wilcoxonov T-preizkus, za medskupinske pa Mann-Whitneyjev U-preizkus. Po vadbi so telovadke dosegle pomembna izboljšanja (p ≤ 0,05) pri višini skoka, izhodni moči in odporu proti utrujanju v več preizkusih. V primerjalni skupini ni bilo pomembnih sprememb, razen manjšega porasta povprečne moči v 60-sekundnem nizu skokov. Ugotovitve kažejo, da ciljno usmerjena telovadba v pripravljalnem obdobju učinkovito poveča anaerobno zmogljivost, kar lahko telovadkam omogoči izvedbo zahtevnejših prvin in boljši tekmovalni dosežek.

Background and study aim It is well known that professional physical training may be one of the factors modifying s circulating serum level of growth hormone, testosterone and cortisol. However, the effect of high-intensity upper and lower body Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on the serum hormone levels in association to vitamin D status still remains unspecified. The aim of the current study was to verify hypotheses that a longstanding background in elite gymnastics training induces adaptive changes in hormonal homeostasis during upper- and lower-body WAnT, and that these changes are modulated by muscle group engagement and vitamin D status. Materials and methods Fifteen elite male artistic gymnasts (21.3 ± 3.4 years-old) and 14 physically active men (the control group, 20.2 ± 1.1) voluntarily participated in this study. Blood was collected using venipuncture procedures (antecubital vein) in tree timepoints: before, immediately and 60 min after WAnT. Hormone measurements consisted of levels of free human growth hormone (hGH), testosterone and cortisol in blood serum. Measurement was made using chemiluminescence method. Vitamin D active metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 [25(OH)D 2 ] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 [25(OH)D 3 ], as a proportion of the total serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], were analysed using the commercially available Total 25OH Vitamin D ELISA kits. Results Significantly higher performance during upper-body WAnT were observed in professional gymnasts’ groups, for mean power normalized to body mass. Furthermore, gymnasts showed higher serum concentration for hGH, and testosterone immediately after upper-body WAnT. An inverse relationship was observed in cortisol, whose concentration changes were greater in the control group. Additionally, in control group, baseline vitamin D positively correlated with cortisol changes post lower-body WAnT but negatively with testosterone changes immediately after lower-body WAnT. Conclusions Gymnastic training affects anaerobic performance and hormonal status by altering the serum concentrations of hGH, cortisol, and testosterone in response to anaerobic exercise. Moreover, hormonal status is associated with vitamin D concentration, and shows its significant regulating properties in post exercises response.

Obesity is a major health concern in the world because it is associated with many diseases. It has been shown that basic gymnastics exercises effectively prevent and treat this problem. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of 12 weeks of basic gymnastics exercises on body composition and lipid profile in obese girls. In this quasi-experimental study, with a design pre-test-post-test and a control group, 30 obese girls with Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile and the average age of 9.4 years, were selected purposefully and were divided into 2 groups (Basic gymnastics training, and control) randomly. The training protocol was implemented for 12 weeks, three times a week, and 45 minutes for each session incrementally. Body composition and lipid profile indices were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test. In order to analyze the data, multivariate covariance tests were used. The results of the study showed that the exercise intervention significantly reduced the fat percentage and BMI index in obese children (p≤0.001). In addition, a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed (p≤0.002). These findings indicate the beneficial effects of basic gymnastics training on body composition and lipid profile in obese children. Therefore, the use of basic gymnastics training is recommended to improve these factors. Debelost je velik zdravstveni problem v svetu, saj je povezana s številnimi boleznimi. Dokazano je, da osnovne telovadne vaje učinkovito preprečujejo in zdravijo to težavo. S to raziskavo smo preučili učinek 12 tednov osnovnih telovadnih vaj na telesno sestavo in lipidni presek pri debelih dekletih. V tej preizkusni študiji z načrtom meritev pred- in po-vadbi in nadzorno skupino je bilo namenoma izbranih 30 debelih deklet z indeksom telesne mase (ITM) na ali nad 95. percentilom in povprečno starostjo 9,4 leta, ki so bile naključno razdeljene v 2 skupini (skupina pri telovadbi in nadzorna skupina). Postopek vadbe je bil izveden 12 tednov, trikrat na teden in s časom trajanja  po 45 minut. Telesno sestavo in indekse lipidnega preseka smo merili dvakrat: pred začetkom vadbe in po zaključku vadbe. Za razčlenitev podatkov so bili uporabljeni multivariatni kovariančni testi. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je vadba pomembno zmanjšala odstotek maščobe in ITM pri debelih otrocih (p≤0,001). Poleg tega so opazili pomembno znižanje skupnega holesterola, trigliceridov in lipoproteinov nizke gostote, holesterola (LDL-C) ter znatno povečanje lipoproteinov visoke gostote, holesterola (HDL-C) (p≤0,002). Te ugotovitve kažejo na ugodne učinke telovadbe na telesno sestavo in lipidni presek pri debelih otrocih. Zato je za izboljšanje teh dejavnikov priporočljiva telovadba.

This paper starts with the performance of audiovisual, using computer technology animation simulation gymnastics dance team formation, providing a way of arranging choreography. According to the basic elements of the ray tracing algorithm, set up the lighting model to improve the realism of stage rendering. Collect survey data to identify the challenges in creating gymnastics dance, and analyze the advantages of computer technology in the application of gymnastics dance team performance creation and training. Obtain the audience’s overall perception of the interactive performance of gymnastics and dance art, and analyze their satisfaction with all aspects of the choreographic design using holographic technology for gymnastics and dance art. The survey on the satisfaction of the elements of holographic choreography design for the performance of dance manipulation is mainly divided into three aspects, including the real choreography effect, virtual choreography effect and performance music effect, in which the gymnastics dancer’s expressiveness (65.99%), holographic projection screen effect (72.56%), the cooperation between the music and the holographic projection screen (63.77%) are all recognized by the audience, so the use of holographic projection technology in the performance of gymnastics dance manipulation is a good opportunity to get the audience’s satisfaction. The purpose of gymnastics dance teaching in sports education is to develop students’ physical coordination, rhythm, and aesthetic abilities. The introduction of deep learning techniques to gymnastics teaching and performance can not only provide a more vivid and realistic learning environment but also improve students’ interest and performance. To improve the effective strategy of gymnastics dancing performance, it can be achieved through the students’ rich practice activities, strengthening of technical methods, and the form of diversified performance.

The book Gymnastics Performance and Motor Learning: Principles and Applications is a state-of-the-art discussion forum for topics that are of high interest in the field of gymnastics. Experts from different countries and with different scientific backgrounds such as psychology, pedagogy, training science, sports science, and movement science provide a number of significant contributions covering recent theoretical developments, current research evidence, as well as implications for practical applications concerning the different gymnastics disciplines. Topics discussed in the book include gymnasts gaze behavior in complex skills, spotting and guiding techniques, observational learning, augmented feedback, imagery, mental rotation, directional tendencies, interpersonal coordination, lost skill syndrome, performance indicators, as well as apparatus developments. Given the wide range of topics, the book may be an important source of information for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners (coaches and gymnasts) who work in the field of gymnastics. (Verlagsinformation).

This study aimed to determine the effect of plyometric training (PT) when added to habitual gymnastic training (HT) on handspring vault (HV) performance variables. Twenty youth female competitive gymnasts (Age: 12.5 ± 1.67 y) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to two independent groups. The experimental plyometric training group (PTG) undertook a six-week plyometric program, involving two additional 45 min PT sessions a week, alongside their HT, while the control group (CG) performed regular HT only. Videography was used (120 Hz) in the sagittal plane to record both groups performing three HVs for both the baseline and post-intervention trials. Furthermore, participants completed a countermovement jump test (CMJ) to assess the effect of PT on functional power. Through the use of Quintic biomechanics software, significant improvements (P < 0.05) were found for the PTG for run-up velocity, take-off velocity, hurdle to board distance, board contact time, table contact time and post-flight time and CMJ height. However, there were no significant improvements on pre-flight time, shoulder angle or hip angle on the vault for the PTG. The CG demonstrated no improvement for all HV measures. A sport-specific PT intervention improved handspring vault performance measures and functional power when added to the habitual training of youth female gymnasts. The additional two hours plyometric training seemingly improved the power generating capacity of movement-specific musculature, which consequently improved aspects of vaulting performance. Future research is required to examine the whether the improvements are as a consequence of the additional volume of sprinting and jumping activities, as a result of the specific PT method or a combination of these factors.

Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) performances. Purpose: to evaluate the effects of an integrated functional CPT program on young rhythmic gymnasts’ explosive strength and jump/leap performance. Method: We recruited 44 young (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years old; peak height velocity, PHV = 12.2 ± 0.6 years old) female rhythmic gymnasts and randomly allocated them into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Pre and post-intervention, the explosive strength of both groups was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests, conducted using a force platform, and expert RG judges evaluated their performance of RG-specific jumps. Before the post-test, the EG (n = 23) completed an 8 week functional CPT program based on RG technical requirements. Meanwhile, the participants in the CG (n = 21) received their regular training sessions. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of an intra-subject factor (TIME: pre-post) and an inter-subject factor (GROUP: control-experimental) on each dependent variable. When no significant interaction effect was found, Cohen’s d effect size was calculated. Results: After 8 weeks, the EG obtained significantly better results in all variables measured by the CMJ and SLCMJ (p < 0.01) tests. The judges’ scores indicated greater improvements in the EG after the CPT program in the stag and the split leap. Conclusions: An integrated functional CPT program improved explosive strength in a group of young rhythmic gymnasts and had a large impact on aspects of RG-specific performance. Coaches should consider using this CPT to improve RG performance.

Currently, rhythmic gymnastics teaching mainly focuses on traditional techniques and cannot break through issues such as blind spots in the coordination training between apparatus and body. In the academic field, research results are still dominated by single aspects such as new rules and event analysis. ADAMS technology can provide an innovative path to solve the above problems in rhythmic gymnastics teaching and scientific research. Based on the analysis of the advantages of ADAMS simulation technology and the theoretical basis for artificial intelligence technology to adapt to educational paradigms, this paper first uses ADAMS software to model the rhythmic gymnastics hoop through steps including model import, material definition, constraint relationship establishment, driving and force application, and simulation setting. It then conducts simulation of the vertical hoop thrown upward at two different angles (30 degrees and 45 degrees) and makes a comparative analysis of the counterclockwise and clockwise rotations of the vertical hoop thrown upward at the same angle. Furthermore, it carries out teaching experiments to explore the practical application of artificial intelligence technology in the teaching of upward throwing of the vertical hoop in rhythmic gymnastics, and draws the following conclusions: (1) The choice of projection angle has a differential impact on movement efficiency: a 30° projection angle is more suitable for basic standardized training due to its stable trajectory and moderate displacement, while a 45° projection angle is more conducive to enhancing artistic expression by virtue of its advantage in air retention. (2) Rotation direction has a significant impact on technical efficiency: clockwise rotation strengthens the spatiotemporal consistency of apparatus throwing and catching, while counterclockwise rotation optimizes the fluency of movement connection. Combined training can meet the requirements for innovative scoring. (3) ADAMS technology significantly improves teaching effectiveness through accurate trajectory prediction and mechanical analysis. Experimental data confirm that it is superior to traditional teaching methods in terms of skill mastery, interest stimulation, and satisfaction. It is suggested that efforts should be made to construct an intelligent teaching closed-loop system based on ADAMS technology and promote a dual-track model of “scientific quantification-artistic expression”, which is conducive to the scientific and intelligent development of physical education and art courses in colleges and universities.

Purpose This randomized controlled study aims to compare the effects of cluster training versus traditional plyometric lower limb training on vertical and horizontal jump performance, as well as the reactive strength index, in young female artistic gymnasts. Methods: A total of 54 female artistic gymnasts (15.4 ± 1.2 years) participated voluntarily this study. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: (i) cluster training (PLYct); (ii) traditional training (PLYtr); and (iii) a control group (not exposed to plyometric training). The intervention spanned 8 weeks, with evaluations conducted before and after the intervention period for the following variables: (i) squat jump; (ii) countermovement jump; and (iii) reactive strength index in a drop jump test. Results: Significant interactions time × group were found in SJ (p < 0.001; =0.505), CMJ (p<0.001; =0.241) and RSI (p < 0.001; =0.492). The time × group analysis in post-intervention revealed significantly greater performance in SJ of PLYct (3.0 cm; p < 0.001) and PLYtr (2.5 cm; p=0.001) in comparison to control group. Significantly higher CMJ height were observed for the PLYct group comparing to PLYtr (1.3 cm; p=0.008) and control (2.9 cm; <0.001), while PLYtr was significantly better than control (1.6 cm; p=0.001). PLYct had significantly greater RSI than PLYtr (0.07 RSI; p = 0.014) and control (0.10 RSI; p<0.001), while PLYtr was significantly better than control (0.10 RSI; p = 0.024). Conclusion: Cluster sets were significantly more effective than traditional sets in improving the stretch-shortening cycle as measured by the CMJ and enhancing the reactive strength of gymnasts. It is recommended to incorporate cluster sets while applying plyometric training to maximize performance with favorable adaptations.