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In the article titled “Using Sidereal Rotation Period Expressions to Calculate the Sun’s Rotation Period through Observation of Sunspots” [1], there was an error in Table 1, which should be corrected as shown in Table 1.

The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This process is known as differential rotation and is seen in the motion of sunspots. Helioseismology has shown that the effect extends into the Sun's interior. It has not been possible to measure whether other stars also experience equivalent differential rotation. Benomar et al. used the Kepler spacecraft to monitor stellar oscillations of a group of Sun-like stars. By decomposing the oscillations into separate frequencies, they searched for signs of differential rotation. Several stars do indeed seem to have equators that spin faster than their poles, and none indicated the opposite pattern. Science , this issue p. 1231 Stellar oscillations show that some solar-type stars spin faster at their equators than their poles. The differentially rotating outer layers of stars are thought to play a role in driving their magnetic activity, but the underlying mechanisms that generate and sustain differential rotation are poorly understood. We report the measurement using asteroseismology of latitudinal differential rotation in the convection zones of 40 Sun-like stars. For the most significant detections, the stars’ equators rotate approximately twice as fast as their midlatitudes. The latitudinal shear inferred from asteroseismology is much larger than predictions from numerical simulations.

In the Tailake region of China, heavy nitrogen (N) loss of rice-wheat rotation systems, due to high fertilizer-N input with low N use efficiency (NUE), was widely reported. To alleviate the detrimental impacts caused by N loss, it is necessary to improve the fertilizer management practices. Therefore, a 3 yr field experiments with different N managements including organic combined chemical N treatment (OCN, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 20% organic fertilizer), control-released urea treatment (CRU, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 70% resin-coated urea), reduced chemical N treatment (RCN, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer), and site-specific N management (SSNM, 333 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer) were conducted in the Taihu Lake region with the 'farmer's N' treatment (FN, 510 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer) as a control. Grain yield, plant N uptake (PNU), NUE, and N losses via runoff, leaching, and ammonia volatilization were assessed. In the rice season, the FN treatment had the highest N loss and lowest NUE, which can be attributed to an excessive rate of N application. Treatments of OCN and RCN with a 22% reduced N rate from FN had no significant effect on PNU nor the yield of rice in the 3 yr; however, the NUE was improved and N loss was reduced 20-32%. OCN treatment achieved the highest yield, while SSNM has the lowest N loss and highest NUE due to the lowest N rate. In wheat season, N loss decreased about 28-48% with the continuous reduction of N input, but the yield also declined, with the exception of OCN treatment. N loss through runoff, leaching and ammonia volatilization was positively correlated with the N input rate. When compared with the pure chemical fertilizer treatment of RCN under the same N input, OCN treatment has better NUE, better yield, and lower N loss. 70% of the urea replaced with resin-coated urea had no significant effect on yield and NUE improvement, but decreased the ammonia volatilization loss. Soil total N and organic matter content showed a decrease after three continuous cropping years with inorganic fertilizer application alone, but there was an increase with the OCN treatment. N balance analysis showed a N surplus for FN treatment and a balanced N budget for OCN treatment. To reduce the environmental impact and maintain a high crop production, proper N reduction together with organic amendments could be sustainable in the rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake region for a long run.

Theory predicts the water hexamer to be the smallest water cluster with a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network as its minimum energy structure. There are several possible low-energy isomers, and calculations with different methods and basis sets assign them different relative stabilities. Previous experimental work has provided evidence for the cage, book, and cyclic isomers, but no experiment has identified multiple coexisting structures. Here, we report that broadband rotational spectroscopy in a pulsed supersonic expansion unambiguously identifies all three isomers; we determined their oxygen framework structures by means of oxygen-18-substituted water (H₂¹₈O). Relative isomer populations at different expansion conditions establish that the cage isomer is the minimum energy structure. Rotational spectra consistent with predicted heptamer and nonamer structures have also been identified.

How the differential rotation of the Earth's inner core (IC) has changed over time provides insights into the dynamics of the Earth's interior. Analyses of repeating earthquakes (doublets) have yielded different models. Here we present an event‐based investigation using individual events from long‐term earthquake sequences, which improves temporal coverage over doublet‐based approaches and provides spatial resolution for inferring the rotation rate. Results from two pathways, South Sandwich Islands to Alaska (1982–2024) and Kuril Islands to Argentina (1994–2024), reveal a consistent pattern that the IC successively rotated faster than the mantle by about 0.10°/yr $0.10{}^{\\circ}/\\text{yr}$ from the early 1980s and decelerated to a near‐zero rate around 2000, perhaps slower than the mantle after about 2010. We also provide a new way to calibrate spatial structure and constrain the average rotation rate with improved accuracy. The results are consistent with the multidecadal IC oscillation model, but do not support shorter‐term oscillations or bursts.

Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates processes of embryonic development across multiple tissues, yet factors regulating context-specific Shh signaling remain poorly understood. Exome sequencing of families with polymicrogyria (disordered cortical folding) revealed multiple individuals with biallelic deleterious variants in TMEM161B, which encodes a multi-pass transmembrane protein of unknown function. Tmem161b null mice demonstrated holoprosencephaly, craniofacial midline defects, eye defects, and spinal cord patterning changes consistent with impaired Shh signaling, but were without limb defects, suggesting a CNS-specific role of Tmem161b. Tmem161b depletion impaired the response to Smoothened activation in vitro and disrupted cortical histogenesis in vivo in both mouse and ferret models, including leading to abnormal gyration in the ferret model. Tmem161b localizes non-exclusively to the primary cilium, and scanning electron microscopy revealed shortened, dysmorphic, and ballooned ventricular zone cilia in the Tmem161b null mouse, suggesting that the Shh-related phenotypes may reflect ciliary dysfunction. Our data identify TMEM161B as a regulator of cerebral cortical gyration, as involved in primary ciliary structure, as a regulator of Shh signaling, and further implicate Shh signaling in human gyral development.

Electrospinning and pressurized gyration are two widely adopted methods for polymeric fiber production, valued for their simplicity, versatility, and relatively low environmental impact. Despite its advantages, electrospinning has notable limitations, including low production efficiency and significant safety concerns. Pressurized gyration, however, offers greater productivity and a safer, more sustainable process, making it an excellent candidate for industrial scaling. To fully realize this potential, optimizing the pressurized gyration process is essential for enhancing efficiency and achieving sustainable large‐scale fiber production. In this study, the effects of vessel orifice height on the production rate and fiber morphology in pressurized gyration are explored. A series of experiments is conducted using a 15 wt.% polycaprolactone (PCL) solution, with vessels of identical diameter but differing orifice heights 7.5, 15, and 22.5 mm tested under pressures of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa, all at a constant rotational speed of 13 000 rpm. The 7.5 mm orifice height demonstrates the highest production rate under pressure while increasing orifice height led to finer fiber diameters, better alignment, and smaller beads. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing vessel design, along with process and solution parameters, for scaling up pressurized gyration fiber manufacturing to meet industrial demands. This study explores how different vessel orifice heights affect fiber production and morphology in pressurized gyration. Testing three orifice heights, it finds that smaller heights yield higher production rates under the effect of the pressure. These insights provide valuable optimization strategies for enhancing fiber manufacturing efficiency and scalability in industrial applications.

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are ubiquitous across all domains of life and play a range of functional roles. While folded domains are generally well described by a stable three-dimensional structure, IDRs exist in a collection of interconverting states known as an ensemble. This structural heterogeneity means that IDRs are largely absent from the Protein Data Bank, contributing to a lack of computational approaches to predict ensemble conformational properties from sequence. Here we combine rational sequence design, large-scale molecular simulations and deep learning to develop ALBATROSS, a deep-learning model for predicting ensemble dimensions of IDRs, including the radius of gyration, end-to-end distance, polymer-scaling exponent and ensemble asphericity, directly from sequences at a proteome-wide scale. ALBATROSS is lightweight, easy to use and accessible as both a locally installable software package and a point-and-click-style interface via Google Colab notebooks. We first demonstrate the applicability of our predictors by examining the generalizability of sequence–ensemble relationships in IDRs. Then, we leverage the high-throughput nature of ALBATROSS to characterize the sequence-specific biophysical behavior of IDRs within and between proteomes. ALBATROSS is a deep-learning-based model for predicting ensemble properties of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions, such as radius of gyration, end-to-end distance, polymer-scaling exponent and ensemble asphericity, directly from sequences.

In the present study, we start by formally deriving the simplified phenomenological models of long-crested shallow-water waves propagating in the equatorial ocean regions with the Coriolis effect due to the Earth’s rotation. These new model equations are analogous to the Green–Naghdi equations, the first-order approximations of the KdV-, or BBM type, respectively. We then justify rigorously that in the long-wave limit, unidirectional solutions of a class of KdV- or BBM type are well approximated by the solutions of the Camassa–Holm equation in a rotating setting. The modeling and analysis of those mathematical models then illustrate that the Coriolis forcing in the propagation of shallow-water waves can not be neglected. Indeed, the CH-approximation with the Coriolis effect captures stronger nonlinear effects than the nonlinear dispersive rotational KdV type. Furthermore, we demonstrate nonexistence of the Camassa–Holm-type peaked solution and classify various localized traveling wave solutions to the Camassa–Holm equation with the Coriolis effect depending on the range of the rotation parameter.

The observational absence of giant convection cells near the Sun’s outer surface is a long-standing conundrum for solar modelers. We herein propose an explanation. Rotation strongly influences the internal dynamics, leading to suppressed convective velocities, enhanced thermal-transport efficiency, and (most significantly) relatively smaller dominant length scales. We specifically predict a characteristic convection length scale of roughly 30-Mm throughout much of the convection zone, implying weak flow amplitudes at 100- to 200-Mm giant cells scales, representative of the total envelope depth. Our reasoning is such that Coriolis forces primarily balance pressure gradients (geostrophy). Background vortex stretching balances baroclinic torques. Both together balance nonlinear advection. Turbulent fluxes convey the excess part of the solar luminosity that radiative diffusion cannot. We show that these four relations determine estimates for the dominant length scales and dynamical amplitudes strictly in terms of known physical quantities. We predict that the dynamical Rossby number for convection is less than unity below the near-surface shear layer, indicating rotational constraint.