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Hot spot of invention : Charles Stark Draper, MIT, and the development of inertial guidance and navigation
\"Charles Stark Draper, often referred to as 'The Father of Inertial Navigation,' was the moving force behind the development of the floated gyroscope in the United States. He was an engineer, a scientist, and an inventor; an inspiring teacher; and a dynamic leader responsible for creating the laboratory that brought inertial navigation to fruition for operational use in submarines, aircraft, and space vehicles. Draper also created and ran the famous laboratory, now bearing his name, that helped make MIT into one of the nation's leading research centers for government research. The story of Draper's life and his accomplishments cannot be separated from those of the Instrumentation Laboratory, which are one and the same. Thus, this biography of Charles Stark 'Doc' Draper, is also a chronological accounting of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and its contributions to the nation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Gyroscope Technology and Applications: A Review in the Industrial Perspective
This paper is an overview of current gyroscopes and their roles based on their applications. The considered gyroscopes include mechanical gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes at macro- and micro-scale. Particularly, gyroscope technologies commercially available, such as Mechanical Gyroscopes, silicon MEMS Gyroscopes, Ring Laser Gyroscopes (RLGs) and Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes (FOGs), are discussed. The main features of these gyroscopes and their technologies are linked to their performance.
Journal Article
Observation of the exceptional-point-enhanced Sagnac effect
Exceptional points (EPs) are special spectral degeneracies of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians that govern the dynamics of open systems. At an EP, two or more eigenvalues, and the corresponding eigenstates, coalesce
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–
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. Recently, it was predicted that operation of an optical gyroscope near an EP results in improved response to rotations
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,
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. However, the performance of such a system has not been examined experimentally. Here we introduce a precisely controllable physical system for the study of non-Hermitian physics and nonlinear optics in high-quality-factor microresonators. Because this system dissipatively couples counter-propagating lightwaves within the resonator, it also functions as a sensitive gyroscope for the measurement of rotations. We use our system to investigate the predicted EP-enhanced Sagnac effect
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,
5
and observe a four-fold increase in the Sagnac scale factor by directly measuring rotations applied to the resonator. The level of enhancement can be controlled by adjusting the system bias relative to the EP, and modelling results confirm the observed enhancement. Moreover, we characterize the sensitivity of the gyroscope near the EP. Besides verifying EP physics, this work is important for the understanding of optical gyroscopes.
precisely controllable integrated optical gyroscope based on stimulated Brillouin scattering is used to study non-Hermitian physics, revealing a four-fold enhancement of the Sagnac scale factor near exceptional points.
Journal Article
Non-Hermitian ring laser gyroscopes with enhanced Sagnac sensitivity
Gyroscopes are essential to many diverse applications associated with navigation, positioning and inertial sensing
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. In general, most optical gyroscopes rely on the Sagnac effect—a relativistically induced phase shift that scales linearly with the rotational velocity
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,
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. In ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs), this shift manifests as a resonance splitting in the emission spectrum, which can be detected as a beat frequency
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. The need for ever more precise RLGs has fuelled research activities aimed at boosting the sensitivity of RLGs beyond the limits dictated by geometrical constraints, including attempts to use either dispersive or nonlinear effects
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–
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. Here we establish and experimentally demonstrate a method using non-Hermitian singularities, or exceptional points, to enhance the Sagnac scale factor
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–
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. By exploiting the increased rotational sensitivity of RLGs in the vicinity of an exceptional point, we enhance the resonance splitting by up to a factor of 20. Our results pave the way towards the next generation of ultrasensitive and compact RLGs and provide a practical approach for the development of other classes of integrated sensor.
A method based on non-Hermitian singularities, or exceptional points, is established and used to increase the Sagnac scale factor and enhance the sensitivity of ring-laser gyroscopes.
Journal Article
Earth rotation measured by a chip-scale ring laser gyroscope
Optical gyroscopes are among the most accurate rotation measuring devices and are widely used for navigation and accurate pointing. Since the advent of photonic integrated components for communications, and with their increasing complexity, there has been interest in the possibility of chip-scale optical gyroscopes1. Besides the potential benefits of integration, such solid-state systems would be robust and resistant to shock. Here, we report a gyroscope using Brillouin ring lasers on a silicon chip. Its stability and sensitivity enable measurement of Earth’s rotation, representing a major milestone for this new class of gyroscope.A Sagnac gyroscope based on Brillouin ring lasers on a silicon chip is presented. The stability and sensitivity of this on-chip planar gyroscope allow measurement of the Earth’s rotation, with an amplitude sensitivity as small as 5 deg h−1 for a sinusoidal rotation, an angle random walk of 0.068 deg h−1/2 and bias instability of 3.6 deg h−1.
Journal Article
Fiber-Optic Gyroscope (3rd Edition)
This landmark work - considered by many in the field to be the reference on fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) - provides you with a complete and thorough system analysis of the FOG and remains unmatched by any other single source. Now in its third edition, this fully updated and authoritative book: Gives you access to all the details you need to know about optics, single-mode fiber optics, and integrated optics to fully grasp the design rules of the fiber-optic gyroscope; Helps you understand the concepts that have emerged as the preferred solutions to obtain a practical device; Guides you through the advances that have occurred in the last seven years since the previous edition was published and how they are implemented in the current FOGs.
eBook
A silicon Brillouin laser
Silicon is the workhorse of the semiconductor electronics industry, but its lack of optical functionality is a barrier to developing a truly integrated silicon-based optoelectronics platform. Although there are several ways of exploiting nonlinear light-matter interactions to coax silicon into optical functionality, the effects tend to be weak. Otterstrom et al. used a suspended silicon waveguide racetrack structure to stimulate the stronger nonlinear effect of Brillouin scattering and achieve lasing from silicon. The ability to engineer the nonlinearity and tune the optical response through the design of the suspended cavity provides a powerful and flexible route for developing silicon-based optoelectronic circuits and devices. Science , this issue p. 1113 Brillouin scattering is exploited to develop a silicon laser. Brillouin laser oscillators offer powerful and flexible dynamics as the basis for mode-locked lasers, microwave oscillators, and optical gyroscopes in a variety of optical systems. However, Brillouin interactions are markedly weak in conventional silicon photonic waveguides, stifling progress toward silicon-based Brillouin lasers. The recent advent of hybrid photonic-phononic waveguides has revealed Brillouin interactions to be one of the strongest and most tailorable nonlinearities in silicon. In this study, we have harnessed these engineered nonlinearities to demonstrate Brillouin lasing in silicon. Moreover, we show that this silicon-based Brillouin laser enters a regime of dynamics in which optical self-oscillation produces phonon linewidth narrowing. Our results provide a platform to develop a range of applications for monolithic integration within silicon photonic circuits.
Journal Article
Prospects and fundamental limits in exceptional point-based sensing
Exotic degeneracies in open quantum systems, so-called exceptional points, show rich physics and promise new applications, such as sensors with greatly enhanced response. Recent research on laser gyroscopes has uncovered limits of such sensors due to excess quantum noise.
Journal Article
Design Method for Mode Matching of a Novel Diamond Honeycomb-Like Disk Resonator Gyroscope with High Shock Resistance
This paper presents a novel diamond honeycomb-like MEMS disk resonant gyroscope and the mode matching design method for it. By altering the width of the folded beams, the gyroscope’s frequency can be adjusted to 30 kHz, which make it can withstand extremely high overload. Aiming to improve its performance, this paper proposed a method to realise mode matching by adjusting the drive or sense axis beam width. This research lays the foundation for the performance improvement of the diamond honeycomb high-overload MEMS gyroscope.
Journal Article
Nanophotonic optical gyroscope with reciprocal sensitivity enhancement
Optical gyroscopes measure the rate of rotation by exploiting a relativistic phenomenon known as the Sagnac effect1,2. Such gyroscopes are great candidates for miniaturization onto nanophotonic platforms3,4. However, the signal-to-noise ratio of optical gyroscopes is generally limited by thermal fluctuations, component drift and fabrication mismatch. Due to the comparatively weaker signal strength at the microscale, integrated nanophotonic optical gyroscopes have not been realized so far. Here, we demonstrate an all-integrated nanophotonic optical gyroscope by exploiting the reciprocity of passive optical networks to significantly reduce thermal fluctuations and mismatch. The proof-of-concept device is capable of detecting phase shifts 30 times smaller than state-of-the-art miniature fibre-optic gyroscopes, despite being 500 times smaller in size. Thus, our approach is capable of enhancing the performance of optical gyroscopes by one to two orders of magnitude.
Journal Article