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"HEALTH EFFECTS"
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Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide
Oxides of nitrogen (NO
) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released into the atmosphere can react in the presence of solar irradiation, leading to ozone formation in the troposphere. Historically, before clean air regulations were implemented to control NO
and VOCs, ozone concentrations were high enough to exert acute effects such as eye and nose irritation, respiratory disease emergencies, and lung function impairment. At or above current regulatory standards, day-to-day variations in ozone concentrations have been positively associated with asthma incidence and daily non-accidental mortality rate. Emerging evidence has shown that both short-term and long-term exposures to ozone, at concentrations below the current regulatory standards, were associated with increased mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The pathophysiology to support the epidemiologic associations between mortality and morbidity and ozone centers at the chemical and toxicological property of ozone as a strong oxidant, being able to induce oxidative damages to cells and the lining fluids of the airways, and immune-inflammatory responses within and beyond the lung. These new findings add substantially to the existing challenges in controlling ozone pollution. For example, in the United States in 2016, 90% of non-compliance to the national ambient air quality standards was due to ozone whereas only 10% was due to particulate matter and other regulated pollutants. Climate change, through creating atmospheric conditions favoring ozone formation, has been and will continue to increase ozone concentrations in many parts of world. Worldwide, ozone is responsible for several hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and tens of millions of asthma-related emergency room visits annually. To combat ozone pollution globally, more aggressive reductions in fossil fuel consumption are needed to cut NO
and VOCs as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, preventive and therapeutic strategies are needed to alleviate the detrimental effects of ozone especially in more susceptible individuals. Interventional trials in humans are needed to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants and ozone-scavenging compounds that have shown promising results in animal studies.
Journal Article
Health Effects of Phenolic Compounds Found in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil, By-Products, and Leaf of Olea europaea L
Olea europaea L. fruit is a peculiar vegetal matrix containing high levels of fatty acids (98–99% of the total weight of extra-virgin olive oil, EVOO) and low quantities (1–2%) of phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols, and squalene. Among these minor components, phenolics are relevant molecules for human health. This review is focused on their beneficial activity, in particular of hydroxytyrosol (HT), oleuropein (OLE), oleocanthal (OLC), and lignans found in EVOO, olive oil by-products and leaves. Specifically, the cardioprotective properties of the Mediterranean diet (MD) related to olive oil consumption, and the biological activities of polyphenols recovered from olive oil by-products and leaves were described. Recent European projects such as EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) and EPICOR (long-term follow-up of antithrombotic management patterns in acute coronary syndrome patients) have demonstrated the functional and preventive activities of EVOO showing the relation both between cancer and nutrition and between consumption of EVOO, vegetables, and fruit and the incidence of coronary heart disease. The data reported in this review demonstrate that EVOO, one of the pillars of the MD, is the main product of Olea europaea L. fruits; leaves and by-products are secondary but precious products from which bioactive compounds can be recovered by green technologies and reused for food, agronomic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications according to the circular economy strategy.
Journal Article
Metalliferous Mine Dust: Human Health Impacts and the Potential Determinants of Disease in Mining Communities
Purpose of Review
Many factors influence the health impact of exposure to metalliferous mine dusts and whilst the underpinning toxicology is pivotal, it is not the only driver of health outcomes following exposure. The purpose of this review is twofold: (i) to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the hazard posed by metalliferous mine dust and (ii) to broaden an often narrowly framed health risk perspective to consider the wider aetiology of the potential determinants of disease.
Recent Findings
The hazard posed by metalliferous dusts depends not only on their abundance and particle size but other properties such as chemical composition, solubility, shape, and surface area, which all play a role in the associated health effects. A better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to toxicity, such as recent advances in our understanding of the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS), can help in the development of improved in vitro models to support risk assessments, whilst biomonitoring studies have the potential to guide risk management decisions for mining communities.
Summary
Environmental exposures are complex; complex geochemically and complex geographically. Research linking the environment to human health is starting to mature, highlighting the subtlety of multiple exposures, mixtures of substances, and the cumulative legacy effects of life in disrupted and stressed environments. We are evolving more refined biomarkers to identify these responses, which enhances our appreciation of the burden of effects on society and also directs us to more sophisticated risk assessment approaches to adequately address evolving regulatory and societal needs.
Journal Article
Human health and physical activity during heat exposure
This book provides fundamental concepts in human thermal physiology and their applications in general public, occupational, military, and athletics settings from the biometeorological perspective. The book includes a section on human physiology, epidemiology and special considerations in aforementioned populations, and behavioral and technological adjustments people may take to combat thermal environmental stress and safeguard their health. The book is the first of its kind to compile multiple disciplines--human physiology, climatology, and medicine--in one to provide fundamental concepts in human thermal physiology and their applications in general public, occupational, military, and athletics settings from the biometeorological perspective; Developed by experts, scientists, and physicians from exercise physiology, climatology, public health, sports medicine, and military medicine; Highlights special considerations and applications of thermal physiology to general public, occupational, military, and athletics settings.
Book
Perspectives on the Health Effects of Hurricanes: A Review and Challenges
Hurricanes are devastating natural disasters which dramatically modify the physical landscape and alter the socio-physical and biochemical characteristics of the environment, thus exposing the affected communities to new environmental stressors, which persist for weeks to months after the hurricane. This paper has three aims. First, it conceptualizes potential direct and indirect health effects of hurricanes and provides an overview of factors that exacerbate the health effects of hurricanes. Second, it summarizes the literature on the health impact of hurricanes. Finally, it examines the time lag between the hurricane (landfall) and the occurrence of diseases. Two major findings emerge from this paper. Hurricanes are shown to cause and exacerbate multiple diseases, and most adverse health impacts peak within six months following hurricanes. However, chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and mental disorders, continue to occur for years following the hurricane impact.
Journal Article
Vaccinations and public concern in history : legend, rumor, and risk perception
\"In spite of the success of the childhood inoculation movement, questions have persisted about the safety and efficacy of vaccines. Arguments such as the relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism have led to an alarming increase in the number of parents choosing to not vaccinate their children. Yet the evidence in favor of vaccination is very strong if one examines the recent inoculation history of countries such as Great Britain, Sweden, and Japan. A decline in the numbers of children vaccinated in these countries has had immediate effects. In Great Britain for example, over 10,000 cases of pertussis and thirty-six deaths were reported following a decrease in vaccination rates in 1974-1978. These studies, taken as a group, present a powerful argument for the need to understand reasons for vaccination reluctance. Vaccinations and Public Concern in History explores vernacular beliefs and practices that surround decisions not to vaccinate, with the primary aim of providing concrete recommendations for improving inoculation promotion programs and guidelines for physician interaction with inoculation resistant patients. Through the use of ethnographic, media, and narrative analyses, this book explores the vernacular explanatory models used in inoculation decision-making. The research on which the book draws was designed to help create public health education programs and promotional materials that respond to patients fears, understandings of risk, concerns, and doubts. Exploring the nature of inoculation distrust and miscommunication, Andrea Kitta identifies areas that require better public health communication and greater cultural sensitivity in the handling of inoculation programs\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Review of nut phytochemicals, fat-soluble bioactives, antioxidant components and health effects
The levels of phytochemicals (total phenols, proanthocyanidins, gallic acid+gallotannins, ellagic acid+ellagitannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and phytates), fat-soluble bioactives (lipid, tocols, phytosterols, sphingolipids, carotenoids, chlorophylls and alkyl phenols) as well as natural antioxidants (nutrient and non-nutrient) present in commonly consumed twelve nuts (almond, Brazil nut, cashew, chestnut, hazelnut, heartnut, macadamia, peanut, pecan, pine nut, pistachio and walnut) are compared and reported. Recent studies adding new evidence for the health benefits of nuts are also discussed. Research findings from over 112 references, many of which have been published within last 10 years, have been compiled and reported.
Journal Article