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The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility is equipped with auxiliary heating systems in order to be able to load the divertor with a power flux relevant to study the power exhaust issue in a reactor relevant range of parameter. The powerful system is the Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) with an installed power of 32 MW in its largest extension. Together with the bulk heating of the DTT plasma, the ECH system will cover several tasks for the plasma operation. This paper summarizes the main characteristics and design choices of the DTT ECH system and the related physics studies, based on the reference DTT plasma, to develop and control the plasma, fulfilling the functional tasks, with the support of simulation activities. Dedicated studies have been carried out to investigate the capability of EC power to assist plasma start-up, stabilize MHD activity and support current ramp up/down. In addition, it has been studied how changes of the ECH power distribution can have an impact on the plasma profiles, affecting the fueling pellet effectiveness and MHD modes.

This article provides the state-of-the-art on the optimal planning and design of future district heating (DH) systems. The purpose is to provide practical information of first-step actions for countries with a low DH market share for heating and cooling supply. Previous research showed that for those countries, establishing a heat atlas with accurate geographical data is an essential prerequisite to promote the development of DH systems. In this review, essential techniques for building a high-quality heat atlas are elaborated. This includes a review of methodologies for district thermal energy demand prediction and the status of the integration of sustainable resources in DH systems. In the meanwhile, technical barriers for the implementation of various sustainable heat sources are identified. Furthermore, technologies for the optimal planning of DH systems are discussed. This includes the review of current approaches for the optimal planning of DH systems, discussions on various novel configurations which have been actively investigated recently, and common upgrading measures for existing DH systems.

Lowering the temperatures in heating systems is the key to decarbonizing the heat supply in the building sector, because it is a door opener to greater integration of renewable heat, the use of excess heat and to improve compatibility for heat pumps. This often fails because heating systems, especially in unrenovated building stock, usually require high supply temperatures. Previous studies on temperature reduction in existing buildings are performed mainly numerically, whereas in this research the numeric calculations are validated by measurements. For this purpose, a demonstrator with two different ceiling heating systems is integrated in the listed architecture building of the Technical University of Darmstadt and the achievable temperature reduction is investigated. Based on this, parameter variations are conducted through a simulation model in order to test the feasibility of the concept for the entire building. The results show that even with an unrenovated building envelope, a significant temperature reduction to below 45 °C is possible without exceeding the normative limits of thermal comfort. With moderate building envelope renovation, the reduction is possible even to below 36 °C. The measures investigated can make the building compatible with renewable heat potentials without negative impacts on the cultural heritage.

This study presents a sophisticated numerical simulation model for a forced circulation solar water heating system (FC-SWHs), specifically designed for the unique climatic conditions of Algeria. The model aims to cater to the hot water needs of single-family houses, with a daily consumption of 246 L. Utilizing a dynamic approach based on TRNSYS modeling, the system’s performance in Ain Temouchent’s climate was scrutinized. The model’s validation was conducted against literature results for the collector outlet temperature. Key findings include a maximum monthly average outlet temperature of 38 °C in September and a peak cumulative useful energy gain of 250 W in August. The auxiliary heating system displayed seasonal energy consumption variations, with the highest rate of 500 kJ/hr in May to maintain the water temperature at 60 °C. The energy input at the storage tank’s inlet and the consistent high-level energy output at the hot water outlet were analyzed, with the former peaking at 500 W in May. The system ensured an average water tank temperature (hot, middle and bottom) and water temperature after the mixer, suitable for consumption, ranging between 55 °C and 57 °C. For applications requiring cooler water, the mixer’s exit temperature was maintained at 47 °C. The study’s key findings reveal that the TRNSYS model predicts equal inlet and outlet flow rates for the tank, a condition that is particularly significant when the system operates with high-temperature water, starting at 55 °C. The flow rate at this temperature is lower, at 7 kg/hr, while the water mass flow rate exiting the mixer is higher, at 10.5 kg/hr. In terms of thermal performance, the system’s solar fraction (SF) and thermal efficiency were evaluated. The results indicate that the lowest average SF of 54% occurs in July, while the highest average SF of over 84% is observed in September. Throughout the other months, the SF consistently stays above 60%. The thermal efficiency of the system varies, ranging from 49 to 73% in January, 43–62% in April, 48–66% in July, and 53–69% in October. The novelty of this research lies in its climate-specific design, which addresses Algeria’s solar heating needs and challenges. Major contributions include a thorough analysis of energy efficiency metrics, seasonal auxiliary heating demands, and optimal system operation for residential applications, supporting Algeria’s goal of sustainable energy independence.

In many countries located in Central–Eastern Europe, there is a need for heating in the autumn and winter seasons. In Poland, this has been met over the years, mainly through the development of centralized heating systems. The heat sources in such systems are based on fossil fuels like coal or gas. New regulations and climate concerns are forcing a transformation of existing systems towards green energy. The research presents two scenarios of such a change. The first focuses on maintaining centralized heat sources but increases the share of renewables in the heat supply. This can be realized by weather-independent, high-power sources such as biomass boilers and/or high-temperature heat pumps (HP) such as sewage heat pumps or ground source HP. The second scenario changes the location of the heat sources to more dispersed locations so that the unit power can be lower. In this case, renewable heat sources can be used at favorable locations in the system. Among the sources included in this scenario are solar panels, photovoltaic panels, micro wind turbines, and ground source heat pumps with local heat storage. These are characterized by low energy density. Their dispersion in the urban space can contribute to the desired energy generation, which would be impossible to achieve in the centralized scenario. Furthermore, the transmission losses are lower in this case, so lower heating medium temperatures are required. The existing district heating network can be used as a buffer or heat storage, contributing to stable system operation. The article presents a comparative analysis of these solutions.

This review presents a comprehensive examination of recent advancements and findings related to return-temperature reduction in District Heating (DH) systems, with a focus on enhancing overall system efficiency at end-user sites. The review categorizes and clarifies various return-temperature reduction techniques, emphasizing aspects such as building energy performance, heat emitters, thermostatic radiator valves, and substation units. One shall note that return temperature is not a parameter that can be directly controlled within a DH system; instead, it is influenced indirectly by adjusting various system parameters throughout the design, commissioning, operation, and control phases. Key insights include the direct impact of heat demand on return temperatures; the pivotal role of indoor heating systems in optimizing thermal energy use in relation to heat demand; the significance of thermostatic radiator valves in regulating heat output and maintaining low return temperatures; the advantages of ventilation radiators and add-on fans in enhancing radiator efficiency; the necessity for effective substation operation to improve system cooling capacity; and the critical role of operational control strategies in achieving optimal system performance. These findings underscore the need for integrated approaches in DH system design and operation to achieve lower return temperatures and improve overall system efficiency.

Coordinated operation of integrated electricity and district heating system (IEDHS) has great potential to enhance the flexibility of the power system to cope with the wind power curtailment. This study proposes an interval optimal scheduling algorithm for IEDHSs, considering the dynamic characteristics of the heating network. The model of the district heating system with dynamic characteristics including transmission delay and heat losses, is established in detail, and the uncertainties of both wind power and electricity and heating loads are described with interval numbers. Then an interval optimal scheduling model of the IEDHS is formulated to minimise the IEDHS operation cost. The impacts of the transmission delay and heat losses of the heating network on the scheduling of the IEDHS are analysed. Case studies are performed on the PJM 5-bus electricity system with a 6-node district heating system and IEEE 39-bus electricity system with a 12-node district heating system to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the dynamic characteristics of the heating network can integrate more wind power and enlarge the width of the cost interval.

This study proposes a probabilistic hesitant fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach for assessing sustainable heating system alternatives under uncertain situations. The selection of heating systems is a major issue in sustainability in cold climate regions due to its high energy requirements. The proposed approach integrates the Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (PHF-AHP) for determining the weights of decision criteria and the Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) for ranking alternatives. The probabilistic hesitant fuzzy approach allows decision-makers to reflect uncertainty and hesitation in decision-making under expert judgments by considering various membership values with their respective probabilities. To validate the proposed methodological framework, a case study of five heating system alternatives is presented. The results reveal that the proposed PHF-AHP-EDAS approach is reliable in ranking alternatives under ambiguity and uncertainty in sustainability decision problems.

The building sector is known to make a large contribution to total energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) have been considered for thermal energy storage (TES) in buildings. They can balance out the discrepancies between energy demand and energy supply, which are temporally out of phase. However, traditional PCMs need special latent storage devices or containers to encapsulate the PCM, in order to store and release the latent heat of the PCM. The proper design of TES systems using a PCM requires quantitative information and knowledge about the heat transfer and phase change processes in the PCM. In Korea, radiant floor heating systems, which have traditionally been used in residential buildings, consume approximately 55% of the total residential building energy consumption in heating. This article reviews the development of available latent heat thermal energy storage technologies and discusses PCM application methods for residential building using radiant floor heating systems with the goal of reducing energy consumption.

Any renovation of apartment buildings by replacing or keeping their heating devices usually means that high temperatures of the heat carrier are maintained, which restricts boosting the efficiency of a central heating supply system. This also limits the scope for a switch to more efficient systems such as low-temperature district heating systems. To assess the impact of reducing the heat carrier temperature on indoor heating with a constant radiator area, the article investigates several alternatives alongside a base case scenario. In one scenario, the modernization of a building is examined, either by retaining the current heating devices or by substituting them with devices of equal size. Another scenario explores the modernization of a building by exchanging the heating devices and adjusting the building’s heating system to accommodate ultra-low temperatures. The possibility to reduce the temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system without any renovation of the building has been addressed as well. This led to seven alternatives. The analysis of the hourly data of the heating system model for two typical months in a heating season has revealed that when the building retains its existing area of heating devices post-renovation, the temperature can be brought down to 60/40/20 °C. It was also discovered that lowering the heat transfer temperature to ultra-low parameters (45/25/20 °C) cannot be achieved by refurbishing the buildings without increasing the number of radiators, as the heating devices will fail to deliver adequate heat for space heating. Article in English. Daugiabučių namų šildymo sistemų integravimo į žemos temperatūros centralizuoto šilumos tiekimo tinklus vertinimas Santrauka Daugiabučių namų renovacija, keičiant ar paliekant jų šildymo prietaisus, paprastai reiškia, kad reikia išlaikyti aukštą šilumnešio temperatūrą, o tai riboja centralizuoto šilumos tiekimo (CŠT) sistemos efektyvumo didinimą. Be to, tai apriboja galimybę pereiti prie efektyvesnių sistemų, pavyzdžiui, žematemperatūrių CŠT sistemų. Siekiant įvertinti sumažintos šilumnešio temperatūros poveikį patalpoms šildyti, kai radiatorių plotas išlieka pastovus, straipsnyje išnagrinėtos kelios alternatyvos ir bazinis scenarijus. Pagal vieną scenarijų nagrinėjamas pastato modernizavimas, paliekant esamus šildymo prietaisus arba pakeičiant juos tokio pat dydžio prietaisais. Pagal kitą scenarijų nagrinėjamas pastato modernizavimas pakeičiant šildymo prietaisus ir pritaikant pastato šildymo sistemą itin žemai temperatūrai. Taip pat nagrinėta galimybė sumažinti šilumnešio temperatūrą šildymo sistemoje neatnaujinant pastato. Tai leido parengti septynias alternatyvas. Išanalizavus šildymo sistemos modelio valandinius dviejų tipinių šildymo sezono mėnesių duomenis paaiškėjo, kad, po renovacijos pastate išlaikant esamą šildymo prietaisų plotą, temperatūrą galima sumažinti iki 60/40/20 °C. Taip pat nustatyta, kad renovuojant pastatus neįmanoma sumažinti šilumos perdavimo temperatūros iki itin žemų parametrų (45/25/20 °C) nekeičiant esamo radiatorių skaičiaus, nes šildymo prietaisai nesugebės tiekti pakankamai šilumos patalpoms šildyti. Reikšminiai žodžiai: centralizuotas šilumos tiekimas (CŠT), pastatų modernizavimas, šildymo sistema, žema temperatūra.