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A high hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) has been repeatedly associated with greater risk for hypoglycemia in people with diabetes and greater risk for chronic vascular disease in people with or without diabetes. This review explores how different sources of analytical and biological variation in HbA1c and blood glucose individually and collectively affect the clinical information value of HGI. We conclude that HGI is a complex quantitative trait that is a clinically practical biomarker of risk for both hypoglycemia and chronic vascular disease. •The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) quantifies variation in HbA1c due to factors other than blood glucose concentration.•High HGI is associated with greater risk for chronic vascular disease in people with or without diabetes•This review explores how analytical and biological sources of variation in HbA1c and blood glucose affect the clinical use of HGI.•HGI is a complex quantitative trait and a clinically practical biomarker of risk for chronic vascular disease.

A very important aspect of proper preparation of the coal mixture for the coking process is its appropriate grinding. One of the parameters describing the energy input required for grinding is the Hardgrove index. This research was undertaken to determine the dependence of the Hardgrove grindability index on selected physicochemical properties of coal. The Hardgrove grindability index was determined using the available methods described in the standards, and the dependence on selected parameters was examined. A clear positive correlation with calorific value and smaller (also positive) correlations with moisture content and free swelling index was obtained. A slight negative correlation was also obtained with sulfur content.

Identifying dependable prognostic indicators is essential for the efficient management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The index of hemoglobin glycation (HGI) has been demonstrated to be closely linked to the onset and advancement of MASLD. Currently, no studies have investigated the relationship between HGI and mortality rates among MASLD patients. This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) covering 1999 to 2018, involving 8,257 adult patients diagnosed with MASLD. The HGI was determined using a linear regression model that correlated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The study employed Kaplan-Meier survival curves and weighted Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the independent association between HGI and mortality risk. The study utilized restricted cubic splines (RCS) to visually depict the relationship between HGI and mortality risk. Over a median follow-up duration of 97.0 months, there were 1,352 recorded deaths, among which 386 were attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were classified into two groups based on their HGI values: the high HGI group (≥ 0.4605) and the low HGI group (< 0.4605). The results from the weighted Cox proportional hazards model indicated that individuals in the high HGI group faced a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19–1.82, P <  0.001). However, no significant increase in CVD mortality risk was observed (HR 1.38, 95% CI 0.95–1.99, P =  0.090). The RCS analysis identified a U-shaped association between HGI and both all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, with critical points at -0.0564 and − 0.0573, respectively. Below the critical points, HGI was negatively correlated with all-cause mortality (HR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.92, P <  0.001) and not significantly associated with CVD mortality (HR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.57–1.07, P =  0.126). Above the critical points, HGI was significantly positively correlated with both all-cause mortality (HR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.20–1.53, P <  0.001) and CVD mortality (HR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.11–1.88, P =  0.007). Further subgroup and interaction analyses corroborated the reliability of these findings. HGI could potentially function as a useful and dependable marker for evaluating all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in MASLD patients.

The relationship between HGI and mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes who have comorbid CVD has not yet been clearly established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between baseline HGI and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US adults with diabetes or prediabetes and comorbid CVD. This study analyzed data from 1,760 patients with diabetes or prediabetes and comorbid CVD from the NHANES from 1999 to 2018. Three models were constructed considering covariates to evaluate the correlation between HGI and mortality risk. Additionally, we used RCS and threshold effects to analyze the nonlinear relationship. During the follow-up of 1,760 patients with diabetes or prediabetes and comorbid CVD, there were 793 all-cause deaths and 274 cardiovascular-related deaths recorded. Restricted cubic spline analysis results showed that baseline HGI was U-shapedly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates. Threshold effect analysis indicated that the turning points of HGI for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were − 0.382 and − 0.380, respectively. Specifically, when baseline HGI was below the turning point, HGI was negatively correlated with all-cause mortality rate (HR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5–0.7) and cardiovascular mortality rate (HR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-1.0), while when baseline HGI exceeded the turning point, HGI was positively correlated with all-cause mortality rate (HR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4) and cardiovascular mortality rate (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.5). We found that in US adults with diabetes or prediabetes and comorbid CVD, baseline HGI was U-shapedly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates. Specifically, the turning points for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were − 0.382 and − 0.380, respectively.

Economic and legal conditions of the European power industry enforce higher participation of biomass in the thermal energy mix per power unit, due to the necessity of carbon dioxide emission reduction. One of the most important features dictating the suitability of biomass fuel for utilization in pulverized fuel-fired boilers is its grindability. The grindability of biomass is a difficult parameter to estimate due to its non-uniform morphology and inhomogeneous character. Milling and co-milling of large amounts of biomass can deteriorate the mill output and make it difficult to ensure the proper particle size distribution of the pulverized fuel fed into the combustion chamber. The main objective was to determine whether torrefaction pre-treatments could increase the grindability features of various types of biomass. Investigations of raw and torrefied biomass grindability were performed with the use of a modified Hardgrove Index for alder chips, palm kernel shells, and willow chips. Additionally, semi-industrial scale milling tests were performed, which allowed for the evaluation of torrefied biomass suitability for continuous grinding installations equipped with vertical spindle mills. According to the analysis, an increase in the biomass grindability index after the torrefaction process was shown. Additionally, it was noted that for milling low-density materials (e.g., torrefied biomass), changes in the construction of the industrial mill classifier may be necessary for the proper grinding circuit operation.

The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) has been increasingly recognized for predicting cardiovascular outcomes. However, its association with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the general population remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between the HGI and mortality, identify risk thresholds, and evaluate HGI's clinical utility for individualized risk stratification. 4857 participants from the Fangshan Family-based Ischemic Stroke Study in China (FISSIC) were included. Death dates were obtained by reviewing the death certificates until 2024/7/31. During a median follow-up of 8 years, 652 deaths were identified, including 379 deaths due to CVD. HGI was calculated as HGI = Observed hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) − Predicted HbA1c. Cox proportional hazard regression models and restricted cubic splines were constructed to assess the relationship of HGI with mortality risk. This study revealed a J-shaped association of HGI with both all-cause and CVD mortality. For all-cause mortality, when HGI was below the threshold point (−0.58), the mortality risk slightly decreased with increasing HGI, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.821 (95 %CI: 0.666–1.011, P = 0.064). Conversely, when HGI exceeded −0.58, the mortality risk significantly increased with higher HGI (HR: 1.193, 95 % CI: 1.104–1.289, P < 0.001). CVD mortality exhibited similar threshold effects, with HGI < −0.58 trended toward lower risk (HR: 0.80, 95 %CI: 0.60–1.06, P = 0.114), whereas HGI > −0.58 showed marked risk elevation (HR: 1.23, 95 %CI: 1.11–1.36, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates a nonlinear relationship of HGI with both all-cause and CVD mortality. •Hemoglobin Glycation Index exhibits a Nonlinear association with all-cause and CVD mortality.•The HGI can be used as a marker for the prediction of cardiovascular disease mortality.•An optimal HGI level that minimizes individual cardiovascular risks and mortality.

An increasing number of studies have reported the close relation of the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) with metabolism, inflammation, and disease prognosis. However, the prognostic relationship between the HGI and patients with sepsis remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the association between the HGI and all-cause mortality in patients with sepsis using data from the MIMIC-IV database. In this study, 2605 patients with sepsis were retrospectively analyzed. The linear regression equation was established by incorporating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose levels. Subsequently, the HGI was calculated based on the difference between the predicted and observed HbA1c levels. Furthermore, the HGI was divided into the following three groups using X-tile software: Q1 (HGI ≤  − 0.50%), Q2 (− 0.49% ≤ HGI ≤ 1.18%), and Q3 (HGI ≥ 1.19%). Kaplan–Meier survival curves were further plotted to analyze the differences in 28-day and 365-day mortality among patients with sepsis patients in these HGI groups. Multivariate corrected Cox proportional risk model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used. Lastly, mediation analysis was performed to assess the factors through which HGI affects sepsis prognosis. This study included 2605 patients with sepsis, and the 28-day and 365-day mortality rates were 19.7% and 38.9%, respectively. The Q3 group had the highest mortality risk at 28 days (HR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.89–3.44, p  < 0.001) and 365 days (HR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.29–1.97, p  < 0.001). In the fully adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, patients in the Q3 group still displayed the highest mortality rates at 28 days (HR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.45–2.80, p  < 0.001) and 365 days (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.08–1.56, p  < 0.001). The RCS analysis revealed that HGI was positively associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Finally, the mediation effect analysis demonstrated that the HGI might influence patient survival prognosis via multiple indicators related to the SOFA and SAPS II scores. There was a significant association between HGI and all-cause mortality in patients with sepsis, and patients with higher HGI values had a higher risk of death. Therefore, HGI can be used as a potential indicator to assess the prognostic risk of death in patients with sepsis.

Objective The relationship between Glycated Hemoglobin Index (HGI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in individuals with diabetes or prediabetes remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between baseline HGI and CVD risk in U.S. adults with diabetes or prediabetes. Methods This study analyzed data from 10,889 diabetic or prediabetic participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted multivariable regression analysis and subgroup analyses were employed to assess the relationship between HGI and CVD risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore nonlinear associations, along with threshold effect analysis and subgroup analyses. Results A total of 10,889 participants (mean age 52.82 years, 54.57% male) were included in this study. We observed a U-shaped relationship between HGI and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (P nonlinear < 0.0001), heart attack (P nonlinear = 0.0006), and congestive heart failure (CHF) (P nonlinear = 0.0001). The inflection points for HGI concerning CVD, heart attack, and CHF were − 0.140, -0.447, and − 0.140, respectively. When baseline HGI exceeded these thresholds, each unit increase in HGI was significantly associated with higher risks of CVD (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23–1.48), heart attack(OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20–1.51), and CHF (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.22–1.58).Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences in CHF risk associated with HGI across racial groups (interaction P  = 0.03). Conclusion In individuals with diabetes and prediabetes, HGI displays a U-shaped relationship with CVD, heart attack, and CHF risks, with threshold values of -0.14, -0.45, and − 0.14, respectively. HGI may serve as a more effective indicator for identifying populations at early risk for cardiovascular disease.

The stage of sexual maturity, fecundity, and relationship of gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI), and hepatogonadal (HGI) indices in mullet Mugil cephalus, captured in Bahía de Buenaventura, was examined in the present study. With the help of artisanal fishermen, 21 specimens (all females) were collected in February 2024. The mullets measured in total length between 28.0 and 35.5 cm (30.8 ± 2.3 cm standard deviation) and weighed between 200.0 and 364.5 g (246.6 ± 43.6 g). The fecundity of females weighing 257.8 ± 48.9 g was estimated at 423,659 ± 103,208 oocytes. The GSI and HSI increased from 1.0 ± 0.4 to 6.4 ± 1.5% and from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 1.0 ± 0.1% in immature to mature females, respectively. Also, significantly different from each other, the values of the HGI in immature females were 72.2 16.3%, compared to that of mature females of 17.2 ± 4.6%. Since the liver is responsible for the synthesis and production of vitellogenin, which is then taken up by the oocytes in the gonad (ovary), the HGI may also be a very useful indicator of sexual maturity in mullet, as well as for other fishes.

Background The Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI) quantifies the difference between the actual and expected values of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a marker that has been closely linked to various adverse health outcomes. Nonetheless, a significant gap exists in the current literature concerning the association between HGI and cognitive function. This study aims at testing such association in older adults with hypertension, a topic that has not yet been extensively investigated. Methods A linear regression model between glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was constructed for the calculation of the HGI. The cross-sectional study focused on evaluating the cognitive function of hypertensive individuals (≥ 60 years old), based on the data from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), by using a series of standardized tests, including the Word List Learning (CERAD-WL) and Delayed Recall (CERAD-DR) tests from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Weighted logistic and linear regression models served for evaluating the effect of HGI on hypertensive patients’ cognitive function. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves assisted in detecting the underlying nonlinear associations between HGI and cognitive outcomes. Furthermore, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to gain deeper insights into these associations. Results The study included 1023 participants ≥ 60 years old from 2011 to 2014 NHANES. Higher HGI was accompanied by lower DSST score ( P  = 0.009). In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of HGI possessed a lower DSST score (β = -4.50, 95% CI -8.10– -0.88) versus the lowest quartile (Q1), and were more likely to exhibit low cognitive function as evaluated by the DSST (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 0.98–5.03). According to the results from RCS analysis, HGI presented a linear relevance to cognitive function scores in older adults with hypertension. There is no interaction between HGI and the stratifying variables (sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, and smoking status). Conclusion High HGI was an important risk factor leading to reduced cognitive performance in hypertensive patients, ensuring HGI to be used for effectively predicting patients’ cognitive decline. Clinical trial number The authors of this study utilized data from NHANES (The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the U.S., which provides open access to data sets). No clinical trial was conducted by the authors, and therefore, a clinical trial number was not available.