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This study offers Sustainable Development Measurement using three variables, namely; The Human Development Index (HDI) represents Sustainable Social Economic Development, and the Environmental Quality (EQ) represents Environmental Sustainability, while the Exogenous Variable is Household Electrification (EoH). With Analysis Using Structural Equation Modeling, the results showed; EoH positively and significantly correlated to HDI. EoH is negatively correlated and significant to EQ. HDI significantly negatively correlated with EQ. Electrification of Households causes the occurrence of Sustainable Social Economic Development, and vice versa, the electrification of households causes the occurrence of environmental sustainability, and the relationship of sustainable Social Economic Development causes the occurrence of environmental sustainability. Research Novelty is the Role of Moderation from EoH to the relationship between HDI and EQ so that provinces with low Household Electrification with Provinces with high Household Electrification will differ in environmental damage due to Sustainable Social Economic Development. Reference for Policy Makers to replace fossil fuel power plants that supply the electricity in households with environmentally friendly power plants.

This paper describes the development of a thermogenerator designed for uncontrolled firewood household stoves. It was built on BiTe thermoelectric (TE) modules, and it uses a water pot as a cooling device that also serves as a hot water source. An original heat controller was developed; it has low thermal resistance ( R ) during low-power operation, but its R can be continuously increased according to the stove temperature so that the TE never overheats while its power generation is optimized.

When considering the electrification of a particular region in developing country, the electricity consumption in that region must be estimated. In sub-Saharan Africa, which is one of the areas with the lowest electrification rates in the world, the villages of minority groups are scattered over a vast area of land, so electrification using distributed generators is being actively studied. Specifically, constructing a microgrid or introducing a solar system to each household is being considered. In this case, the electricity consumption of each area needs to be estimated, then a system with enough capacity could be introduced. In this study, we propose a household income electricity consumption model to estimate the electricity consumption of a specific area. We first estimate the electricity consumption of each household based on income and the electricity consumption of a specific area can be derived by adding up them in that area. Through a case study in Tanzania, electricity consumption derived using this model was compared with electricity consumption published by TANESCO, and the validity of the model was verified. We forecasted the electricity consumption in each region using the household income electricity consumption model, and the average forecast accuracy was 74%. The accuracy was 87% when the electricity consumption in Tanzania mainland was forecasted by adding the predicted values.

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries. Nearly 80 percent of the nation's 140 million people reside in rural areas; of these, 20 percent live in extreme poverty. Geographically, many low-lying areas are vulnerable to severe flooding, while other regions are prone to drought, erosion, and soil salinity. Such an unfavorable agricultural landscape, combined with mismanagement of natural resources and increasing population pressure, is pushing many of the rural poor to the brink. Because Bangladesh is such a poor country, it also is one of the world's lowest energy producers. Total annual energy supply is only about 150 liters of oil equivalent per capita (International Energy Agency, or IEA 2003); in rural areas, conditions are even worse. Compared to other developing countries, Bangladesh uses little modern energy. Despite its successful rural electrification program, close to two-thirds of households remain without electricity and, with the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Moreover, biomass fuels are becoming increasingly scarce. Collected mainly from the local environment as recently as two decades ago, bio-fuels are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass continues to shrink. This study, the first to concentrate on Bangladesh's energy systems and their effects on the lives of rural people, drew on these background studies, as well as other World Bank-financed research on indoor air pollution (IAP) and rural infrastructure, to present a rural energy strategy for the country. Much of this study's analytical underpinning was based on several background studies. This study also reanalyzed data from earlier research to better understand the benefits of modern energy use for rural households, farm activities, and small businesses.

Rural Africa's low level of electrification is a topic of much discussion. One widely cited estimate is that only fourteen percent of rural households in Sub- Saharan Africa have access to electricity (2012). As a first step to improving access, most governments in the region have developed national electrification strategies. Virtually every one of those strategies recommends a two-track approach to providing greater access to grid-based electrification. Although there is widespread agreement on the need for a two-track approach, most national electrification strategies contain few, if any, details on how the two tracks should be implemented. This guide focuses on the regulatory and policy decisions that African electricity regulators and policy makers must make to create a sustainable decentralized track and how the decentralized track can complement the traditional centralized track.

Under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the world has pledged to “leaving no one behind”. Responding to goal No. 7 on the agenda, efforts to provide modern energy to all the world population must be pushed forward. This is important because electrification in the rural area can indirectly support opportunities for social and economic development resulting in an acceleration of the eradication of poverty. The research goal of this study is to contribute insights about the scale of energy demand in unelectrified villages in the Southeast Asian countries and to discuss some factors that might influence the energy demand growth. This is done by making projections based on surveys and interviews, including a time-use survey, in three off-grid villages located in Myanmar, Indonesia, and Laos. Our analysis presented the living condition, highlight the types of energy sources, how, and in what rhythms people use energy on a daily basis in those villages. The demands in each case study villages were then projected based on several constructed scenarios. It was found that the factors of household size, proximity to the city, climate, and topography may influence the present and future growth of energy demands in the villages. The estimated energy demand may be useful for project managers to design a pilot off-grid energy system project in a similar environment and pointed out important factors to consider when formulating off-grid energy policies in the region.

Soft magnetic materials (SMMs) serve in electrical applications and sustainable energy supply, allowing magnetic flux variation in response to changes in applied magnetic field, at low energy loss 1 . The electrification of transport, households and manufacturing leads to an increase in energy consumption owing to hysteresis losses 2 . Therefore, minimizing coercivity, which scales these losses, is crucial 3 . Yet meeting this target alone is not enough: SMMs in electrical engines must withstand severe mechanical loads; that is, the alloys need high strength and ductility 4 . This is a fundamental design challenge, as most methods that enhance strength introduce stress fields that can pin magnetic domains, thus increasing coercivity and hysteresis losses 5 . Here we introduce an approach to overcome this dilemma. We have designed a Fe–Co–Ni–Ta–Al multicomponent alloy (MCA) with ferromagnetic matrix and paramagnetic coherent nanoparticles (about 91 nm in size and around 55% volume fraction). They impede dislocation motion, enhancing strength and ductility. Their small size, low coherency stress and small magnetostatic energy create an interaction volume below the magnetic domain wall width, leading to minimal domain wall pinning, thus maintaining the soft magnetic properties. The alloy has a tensile strength of 1,336 MPa at 54% tensile elongation, extremely low coercivity of 78 A m −1 (less than 1 Oe), moderate saturation magnetization of 100 A m 2  kg −1 and high electrical resistivity of 103 μΩ cm. An iron–cobalt–nickel–tantalum–aluminium multicomponent alloy with ferromagnetic matrix and paramagnetic coherent nanoparticles is described, showing high tensile strength and ductility, along with very low coercivity.

This paper estimates the impact of electrification on employment growth by analyzing South Africa's mass roll-out of electricity to rural households. Using several new data sources and two different identification strategies (an instrumental variables strategy and a fixed effects approach), I find that electrification significantly raises female employment within five years. This new infrastructure appears to increase hours of work for men and women, while reducing female wages and increasing male earnings. Several pieces of evidence suggest that household electrification raises employment by releasing women from home production and enabling microenterprises. Migration behavior may also be affected.

Exposures to ambient and household fine-particulate matter (PM2.5) together are among the largest single causes of premature mortality in India according to the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD). Several recent investigations have estimated that household emissions are the largest contributor to ambient PM2.5 exposure in the country. Using satellite-derived district-level PM2.5 exposure and an Eulerian photochemical dispersio nmodel CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions), we estimate the benefit in terms of population exposure of mitigating household sources—biomass for cooking, space- and water-heating, and kerosene for lighting. Complete mitigation of emissions from only these household sources would reduce India-wide, population-weighted average annual ambient PM2.5 exposure by 17.5, 11.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Using GBD methods, this translates into reductions in Indian premature mortality of 6.6, 5.5, and 0.6%. If PM2.5 emissions from all household sources are completely mitigated, 103 (of 597) additional districts (187 million people) would meet the Indian annual air-quality standard (40 μg m−3) compared with baseline (2015) when 246 districts (398 million people) met the standard. At 38 μg m−3, after complete mitigation of household sources, compared with 55.1 μg m−3 at baseline, the mean annual national population-based concentration would meet the standard, although highly polluted areas, such as Delhi, would remain out of attainment. Our results support expansion of programs designed to promote clean household fuels and rural electrification to achieve improved air quality at regional scales, which also has substantial additional health benefits from directly reducing household air pollution exposures.

Power grid extension into hitherto unconnected areas is a key policy goal in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, connection and usage rates remain low in rural grid-covered areas, at least in the short and medium run. This paper provides a long-term follow-up of a large grid extension program in rural Rwanda, analyzing electricity adoption over time in a panel of 41 communities electrified up to ten years ago. Using both survey and administrative data, we find that nearly half of the households in grid-covered communities remain unconnected. Even among those directly under the distribution grid, electrification rates barely exceed 80%. Electricity consumption and appliance use are low and have not increased over time. These findings suggest that, from an economic development or cost-benefit standpoint, rural grid investments are hard to justify. Instead, rights-based arguments centered on equity and fairness may offer a more compelling – albeit more controversial – justification for such investments. This long-term study in rural Rwanda finds that nearly half of the households in grid-covered communities remain unconnected after electrification, suggesting the need to reconsider the economic case for grid investments in rural areas.