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This study examined how employment and other microeconomic variables, such as spendings on transport, rent, salaries and wages, and other business cost, as well as enterprise location are influencing access to credit of non-agricultural household enterprises in Nigeria. The study departs from other existing studies in two main ways. First, this study decomposed non-agricultural household enterprises into urban and rural enterprises in order to provide deeper policy insights. Second, unlike the bulk of existing studies that used linear regression techniques, this study used the binary logistic regression technique since access to credit, which is the dependent variable, is dichotomous. Cross-sectional data from Nigeria’s 2019 General Household Survey (wave 4) were used. The results show that employment impacts positively and significantly on access to credit by non-agricultural household enterprises. Spendings on transport and other business costs showed significant negative impacts on access to credit by non-agricultural household enterprises, while the roles of other factors, like spending on rent, enterprise location, and spending on salaries and wages, remained predominantly insignificant. We, therefore, stressed the need for policymakers and leaders in Nigeria to work together and exploit job creation as a channel for promoting access to credit and overall enterprise performance in Nigeria.

Youth employment issues are a major concern for many countries because they have negative effects on the welfare of young people, and may also adversely affect economic performance and social stability. This is the first Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluation of the World Bank Group's support to countries trying to address youth employment issues. The World Bank lending portfolio for youth employment is relatively small, although components of programs appear in 57 countries. Most projects include interventions in skills development and school-to-work transition. Half of the projects include interventions to foster job creation and work opportunities for youth. International Finance Corporation (IFC) has a broad approach to job creation. Between FY01 and FY11 youth employment has not been specifically targeted, except in the Middle East and North Africa region and in a small number of other interventions. IFC invested

The first part of the report presents stylized facts of youth and labor markets in Africa. The second part discusses past youth employment interventions in the region. It argues for the need of an integrated approach should governments want to tackle youth employment issues in a sustainable manner. Indeed, in African countries, with large informal sectors and dominance of rural population, solely reforming labor market institutions and implementing active labor market policies are likely to have limited impact. It argues that the most needed and well-rounded approaches are: expanding job and education alternatives in the rural areas, where most youth live; promoting and encouraging mobility; creating a conducive business environment; encouraging the private sector; improving the access and quality of skills formation; taking care of demographic issues that more directly affects the youth; and reducing child labor.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. To provide inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Bangladesh. The study provides a background discussion of poverty, reform, and growth in Bangladesh, followed by an overview of the labor market: demographies, the institutional structure of the labor market, and the labor market indicators. A poverty profile of the labor market is developed, including a discussion of the income sources and a decomposition of poverty reduction and growth. Other issues discussed include rural versus urban conditions; men, women, and children in the labor market; self-employment and household employment; and socioeconomic inequalities.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of labor markets, employment, and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. To provide inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Nicaragua using data for 2001 and 2005. To do so, the study discusses macroeconomic growth and the labor market in Nicaragua, presenting sectoral employment and productivity profiles. A poverty profile of the labor market is developed, with an examination of the income sources and a decomposition of poverty reduction. Other topics include labor regulation, segmentation, and barriers to mobility.This report is part of a series of the studies conducted in the context of the World Bank’s research framework aiming to improve the understanding of the linkages among growth, labor, and poverty reduction.

This article examines the impact of access to electricity on rural household business startups across 3 channels: (1) access to rural electrification programmes, (2) access to power (irrespective of the source) and (3) connection to the grid. We use inverse probability weighted regression adjustment on survey data collected from the central region of rural Uganda and apply propensity score matching (PSM) as a check to the robustness of our results. Our primary results reveal substantial and significant impacts of electricity access on household business start-ups across the three channels. Our findings remain robust, and hidden bias does not affect our results. We find that access to power seems to have a more significant impact than access to the other two channels. This suggests that for a better understanding of how electricity affects rural areas, a comprehensive analysis of all power sources is crucial. Additionally, we show that access to electricity primarily influences the establishment of service-related enterprises rather than manufacturing and processing enterprises. From a policy standpoint, our results indicate that developing a rural transformation program through enhanced electrification interventions necessitates multiple support programmes beyond merely extending the grid lines to rural areas.

The financial crisis swiftly expanded into an economic crisis throughout America and Western Europe, from where it spread to developing countries that had depended on foreign direct investment, consumer and mortgage credit, trade, and remittances. By early 2009, it was clear that this economic downturn would be more severe than any crisis since the great depression, prompting some to it as the 'great recession.' Eastern European and Central Asian countries were hit particularly hard during 2009, global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted for the first time since Second World War. The financial crisis and the ensuing economic downturn, the worst since the Great Depression in the 1930s, went hand in hand with tightening of credit markets, bank failures, firm closures, and high demand for social safety nets. This report, The jobs crisis: household and Government responses to the great recession in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, brings together evidence that World Bank teams have collected on the impact of the crisis on households and families in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This report shows how the crisis was felt by Eastern European and Central Asian households. Not only did unemployment rise sharply but it also lasted longer. The report also shows that the pain of the recession was broader, with workers taking home smaller paychecks as firms offered lower wage rates and fewer hours of work to their workers. The jobs crisis finds that households used a variety of ways to cope with the crisis. The jobs crisis presents an account of how governments reacted to the crisis through social policy reforms and initiatives and how such responses could be improved in the future. Unemployment insurance benefits played a particularly important cushioning role, but coverage of the unemployed tended to be limited.

After years of high growth and poverty reduction, Ghana is now facing important economic and social challenges. More jobs, jobs that pay better, and jobs that include the more vulnerable groups will be needed. This book provides a diagnostic of Ghana's workers and jobs and possible policy directions going forward.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. With the objective of providing inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Madagascar using data from the national accounts and household surveys from the years 1999, 2001, and 2005, a period characterized among others by a short but severe crisis which started at the end of 2001 and the subsequent economic rebound. This report is part of a series of studies conducted in the context of the World Bank’s research framework aiming to improve the understanding of the linkages among growth, labor, and poverty reduction.

The cultivation of oil crops and their processing are an important source of foreign currency incoming for the country and profits for agricultural producers. They are highly competitive, supply the food industry with valuable raw materials and nutritious feed for livestock. The carried out research aims at analyzing the current trends in the state of the market for oil crops in Ukraine and the contribution of the main categories of farms to it. The purpose of the article is to give a statistical assessment of the production of soybeans, sunflower and rape seeds by agricultural enterprises and households. In view of this, the corresponding economic and mathematical models are built, and the place of oil crops in the country’s export products as well as the latest technologies used in this economic sector are determined, the information of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the State Fiscal Service being used as empirical data. It is noted that the key function in the production of oil crops is performed by agricultural enterprises, which have more opportunities to increase their production volume. The ranking and clustering of the regions of Ukraine in terms of production of soybeans, sunflower and rape seeds demonstrates that 10 regions of Ukraine provide for the production of 61.9 % of oil crops; 8 regions — 30.7 %; 6 regions — 7.4 %. A significant role in the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex (AIC) and, in particular, in the formation of exports of oil crops is played by domestic agricultural holdings. The designed economic and mathematical models allowed to draw conclusions about the growth rate of the yield of oil crops and the coefficients of elasticity of the volumes of their production in terms of yield. The constructed trend lines and regression equations have fairly high predictive qualities, which makes it possible to take them into account when justifying alternatives of the future development of agricultural enterprises.