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The extensive use of the internet has resulted in novel technologies and protocol improvisation. Hypertext transfer protocol/1.1 (HTTP/1.1) is widely adapted on the internet. However, HTTP/2 is found to be more efficient over transport control protocol (TCP). The HTTP/2 protocol can withstand the payload overhead when compared to HTTP/1.1 by multiplexing multiple requests. However, both the protocols are highly susceptible to application-level denial of service (DoS) attacks. In this research, a slow-rate DoS attack called Slowloris is detected over Apache2 servers enabled with both versions of HTTP in traditional networks and software defined networks (SDN). Server metrics such as server connection time to the webpage, latency in receiving a response from the server, page load time, response-response gap, and inter-packet arrival time at the server are monitored to analyze attack activity. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate threshold values for server connection time and latency for attack detection. This work is implemented in a lab environment using virtual machines, Ryu controller, zodiac FX OpenFlow switch and Apache2 servers. This study also highlights SDN's security benefits over traditional networks.

The rapid development of the digital healthcare and the electronic health records (EHR) requires smooth networking infrastructure to access data using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-based applications. The new HTTP/3 standard should provide performance and security improvements over HTTP/2. The goal of our work was to test the performance of HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 in the context of the EHRs. We used 45,000 test FHIR Patient resources downloaded and uploaded using 20, 50, 100 and 200 resources per Bundle, which resulted in 2251, 901, 451 and 226 HTTP GET and POST requests respectively. The first test downloading 20 resources per Bundle showed that HTTP/3 outperformed HTTP/2 in the local (mean request time 16.57 ms ± 7.2 standard deviation [SD]) and in the remote network (71.45 ms ± 43.5 SD) which is almost 3 times faster. In the 50 and 100 resources per Bundle test the HTTP/3 protocol demonstrated again more than two times gain in downloading performance for remote requests with mean request time 91.13 ms ± 34.54 SD and 88.09 ms ± 21.66 SD respectively. Furthermore, HTTP/3 outperformed HTTP/2 in the constructed clinical dataset remote transfer. In the upload tests HTTP/3 showed only a slight gain in performance merely in the remote network. The HTTP/3 protocol is a relatively new development and a major improvement for the worldwide web. This new technology is still missing in the digital health and EHRs. Its use could offer a major performance gain in situations where data is gathered from multiple remote locations.

HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) plays a key role in over-the-top video streaming with the ability to reduce the video stall duration by adapting the quality of transmitted video segments to the network conditions. However, HAS still suffers from two problems. First, it incurs variations in video quality because of throughput fluctuation. Adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms at the HAS client usually select a low-quality segment when the throughput drops to avoid stall events, which impairs the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the end-users. Second, many ABR algorithms choose the lowest-quality segments at the beginning of a video streaming session to ramp up the playout buffer early on. Although this strategy decreases the startup time, clients can be annoyed as they have to watch a low-quality video initially. To address these issues, we introduced the H2BR technique ( H TTP/ 2 - B ased R etransmission) (Nguyen et al. 33 ) that utilizes certain features of HTTP/2 (including server push , multiplexing , stream priority , and stream termination ) for late transmissions of higher-quality versions of video segments already in the client buffer, in order to improve video quality. Although H2BR was shown to enhance the QoE, limited streaming scenarios were considered resulting in a lack of general conclusions on H2BR’s performance. Thus, this article provides a profound evaluation to answer three open questions: (i) how H2BR’s performance is impacted by parameters at the server side (i.e., various encoding specifications), at the network side (i.e., packet loss rate), and at the client side (i.e., buffer size) on the performance of H2BR; (ii) how H2BR outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches in different configurations of the parameters above; (iii) how to effectively utilize H2BR on top of ABR algorithms in various streaming scenarios. The experimental results show that H2BR’s performance increases with the buffer size and decreases with increasing packet loss rates and/or video segment duration. The number of quality levels can negatively or positively impact on H2BR’s performance, depending on the ABR algorithm deployed. In general, H2BR is able to enhance the video quality by up to 17% and 14% in scalable video streaming and in non-scalable video streaming, respectively. Compared with an existing retransmission technique (i.e., SQUAD Wang et al., ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Applic (TOMM) 13(3s): 45, 49 ), H2BR shows better results with more than 10% in QoE and 9% in the average video quality.

New versions of HTTP protocols have been developed to overcome many of the limitations of the original HTTP/1.1 protocol and its underlying transport mechanism over TCP. In this paper, we investigated the performance of modern Internet protocols such as HTTP/2 over TCP and HTTP/3 over QUIC in high-latency satellite links. The goal was to uncover the interaction of the new features of HTTP such as parallel streams and optimized security handshake with modern congestion control algorithms such as CUBIC and BBR over high-latency links. An experimental satellite network emulation testbed was developed for the evaluation. The study analyzed several user-level web performance metrics such as average page load time, First Contentful Paint and Largest Contentful Paint. The results indicate an overhead problem with HTTP/3 that becomes more significant when using a loss-based congestion control algorithm such as CUBIC which is widely used on the Internet. Also, the results highlight the significance of the web page structure and how objects are distributed in it. Among the various Internet protocols evaluated, the results show that HTTP/3 over QUIC will perform better by an average of 35% than HTTP/2 over TCP in satellites links specifically with a more aggressive congestion algorithm such as BBR. This can be attributed to the non-blocking stream multiplexing feature of QUIC and the reduced TLS handshake of HTTP/3.

In recent years, modern mobile, web applications are shifting from monolithic application to microservice based application because of the issues such as scalability and ease of maintenance.These services are exposed to the clients through Application programming interface (API). APIs are built, integrated and deployed quickly.The very nature of APIs directly interact with backend server, the security is paramount important for CAP. Denial of service attacks are more serious attack which denies service to legitimate request. Rate limiting policies are used to stop the API DoS attacks. But by passing rate limit or flooding attack overload the backend server. Even sophisticated attack using http/2 multiplexing with multiple clients leads severe disruptions of service. This research shows that how sophisticated multi client attack on high workload end point leads to a dos attack.

Over the last years, streaming of multimedia content has become more prominent than ever. To meet increasing user requirements, the concept of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has recently been introduced. In HAS, video content is temporally divided into multiple segments, each encoded at several quality levels. A rate adaptation heuristic selects the quality level for every segment, allowing the client to take into account the observed available bandwidth and the buffer filling level when deciding the most appropriate quality level for every new video segment. Despite the ability of HAS to deal with changing network conditions, a low average quality and a large camera-to-display delay are often observed in live streaming scenarios. In the meantime, the HTTP/2 protocol was standardized in February 2015, providing new features which target a reduction of the page loading time in web browsing. In this paper, we propose a novel push-based approach for HAS, in which HTTP/2’s push feature is used to actively push segments from server to client. Using this approach with video segments with a sub-second duration, referred to as super-short segments, it is possible to reduce the startup time and end-to-end delay in HAS live streaming. Evaluation of the proposed approach, through emulation of a multi-client scenario with highly variable bandwidth and latency, shows that the startup time can be reduced with 31.2% compared to traditional solutions over HTTP/1.1 in mobile, high-latency networks. Furthermore, the end-to-end delay in live streaming scenarios can be reduced with 4 s, while providing the content at similar video quality.

Realistic digital representations of three dimensions (3D) objects and environments are now achievable because to recent developments in computer graphics, enabling real-time user interactions. Creating effective compression techniques and technologies that may take into account varied application limits has become a crucial problem due to the rising need for various point clouds. Future wireless networks are expected to undergo a paradigm change as a result of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project’s (3GPP) 5th Generation advanced development. In this paper, we propose a complete system for streaming 3D high density point cloud data using a web-based streaming server with Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol version 2 (HTTP/2) protocol enabled, and compare results in two scenarios over Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) and over 5G standalone network. Results have shown great outperformance over conventional work by decreasing inter-frame latency for large point cloud streaming by 16.8% for the case of 4 million points using http/2 over wifi, and by 71.51% over emulated 5G network. Streamed packets were also captured showing an increased frame rate of the same sample by 20.7% and 353% for the cases of WiFi and 5G networks, respectively.

HTTP/2 video streaming has gotten a lot of attention in the development of multimedia technologies over the last few years. In HTTP/2, the server push mechanism allows the server to deliver more video segments to the client within a single request in order to deal with the requests explosion problem. As a result, recent research efforts have been focusing on utilizing such a feature to enhance the streaming experience while reducing the request-related overhead. However, current works only optimize the performance of a single client, without necessary concerns of possible influences on other clients in the same network. When multiple streaming clients compete for a shared bandwidth in HTTP/1.1, they are likely to suffer from unfairness, which is defined as the inequality in their bitrate selections. For HTTP/1.1, existing works have proven that the network-assisted solutions are effective in solving the unfairness problem. However, the feasibility of utilizing such an approach for the HTTP/2 server push has not been investigated. Therefore, in this paper, a novel proxy-based framework is proposed to overcome the unfairness problem in adaptive streaming over HTTP/2 with the server push. Experimental results confirm the outperformance of the proposed framework in ensuring the fairness, assisting the clients with avoiding rebuffering events and lowering bitrate degradation amplitude, while maintaining the mechanism of the server push feature.

HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP protocol published by the internet engineering steering group. The protocol is designed to improve reliability and performance Such enhancements have thus delineated the protocol as being more vulnerable to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks when compared to its predecessor. Recent phenomenon showed that legitimate traffic or flash crowds could have high-traffic flow characteristics as seen in DDoS attacks. In this paper, we demonstrate that legitimate HTTP/2 flash crowd traffic can be launched to cause denial of service. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has been conducted to analyse the effect of both DDoS as well as flash crowd traffic against HTTP/2 services. Results obtained prove the effect of such attacks when tested under four varying protocol-dependant attack scenarios.

Mobile Cloud Networks group together mobile users and clouds containing content servers. Hence, they are an ideal framework for media content delivery. Streamswitching adaptive video players cope well with some limitations of Mobile Cloud Networks as low bandwidth and bandwidth variability in access network. Nonetheless, other limitations, as cloud congestion, are difficult to be managed by the video players. This paper presents a system for discovering fault situations at the cloud (e.g., cloud congestion) and notifying to the video player, which will take appropriate actions for saving the quality of media transmission. In proposed implementation the video application is DASH-capable and adaptation action may be both stream rate adaptation and content server adaptation. The communication between client and server uses “bidirectional” communication feature of HTTP/2 thanks to the new deployed modules running DASH over HTTP/2 in both client’s and server’s applications.