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This study investigates the influence of human capital formation (HCF) on economic growth in Bangladesh based on an ARDL approach The outlay on health and government education spending each as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP) is used as a proxy for HCF, while the growth rate of GDP is used to measure economic growth. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) Granger causality test are applied using time-series yearly data for the period 1990–2019 to accomplish the study. The ARDL estimation reveals that the variables are cointegrated. Expenditure on health influences economic growth rate positively in the long run, but not in the short-run, while government spending on education affects economic growth rate in the long run negatively, and in the short-run positively. The T-Y Granger causality test results reveal two unidirectional causalities: from health outlay to economic growth rate, and from education spending to economic growth rate, and hence, confirm the ARDL estimation results.

This article examines the relationships between remittance and financial development (financial institutions and markets) in India and China on the availability of annual data from 1984 to 2018. Human capital formation is considered as a channel of remittances in financial development functions. Institutional quality, Economic globalization, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and government investment are included as a set of control variables in the financial development function. The results of the ARDL bounds test model indicate that remittance can positively impact financial development dynamics in both countries. While considering the human capital formation, higher levels of skilled human capital (secondary and tertiary enrolments) enhance financial development, but low-level human capital (primary enrolments) fails to do so. One contradiction found from the result is that remittance is negatively but significantly affecting financial institutions in India, and also detrimental to China's financial market. Oppositely, remittance positively impacts India’s financial market and China’s financial institutions. We find the varying impacts of control variables on financial development. The outcome of this paper stresses the necessity of a higher level of skilled human capital and improved institutional quality in both countries, which provides better utilization of remittances and other foreign and domestic financial flows.

A small but increasing body of literature finds that parents invest in their children unequally. However, the evidence is contradictory, and providing convincing causal evidence of the effect of child ability on parental investment in a low-income context is challenging. This paper examines how parents respond to the differing abilities of primary school-aged Ethiopian siblings, using rainfall shocks during the critical developmental period between pregnancy and the first 3 years of a child’s life to isolate exogenous variations in child ability within the household, observed at a later stage than birth. The results show that on average parents attempt to compensate disadvantaged children through increased cognitive investment. The effect is significant, but small in magnitude: parents provide about 3.9% of a standard deviation more in educational fees to the lower-ability child in the observed pair. We provide suggestive evidence that families with educated mothers, smaller household size and higher wealth compensate with greater cognitive resources for a lower-ability child.

This study examines the relationship between technology, human capital and economic growth and also attempts to establish their implications on knowledge based economy in Nigeria. The data used for the study are from secondary sources while the new growth model was also adopted. The dependent variable in the model is the level of real output while the explanatory variables are gross capital formation and government expenditure on education. The result of the causality test shows that is a uni-directional relationship running from gross capital formation and real output, human capital formation and real output growths do not Granger cause each other while causality runs from human capital to capital formation and vice versa. The implication of the result; the increase in economic growth has not improve the rate of capital formation in Nigeria. The study concluded that Nigeria has been slow to identify the strands of global knowledge due to the following: weak institutions; limited awareness and disincentives preventing them from taking the root to the knowledge and information based- economy. Based on the findings the study recommended; strategies in which education can be incorporated into the growth system. Research and development should be encouraged as well and polices that promote output through savings.

In this paper we explore the extent to which differences in institutional settings, with a focus on the human capital formation regime, shape the integration trajectories proposed to recently- arrived refugees. To do so, we compare two countries, Switzerland and Canada, which are committed to implementing integration policy for refugees and belong to two different human capital formation regimes. We investigate whether ending up in a country with a collective skill formation system (Switzerland) limits refugee integration paths by “managing” their aspirations and directing them towards predefined options compared to a country with a more liberal human capital formation regime (Canada) where refugees may have more room of manoeuvre to fulfil their aspirations. In order to test this hypothesis, we used qualitative vignettes and compared integration paths proposed by case workers to refugees in a Swiss Canton (Vaud) and in a Canadian Province (Québec). We found that overall, the integration paths proposed are very similar, regardless of the institutional context. We reason that this largely unexpected result is due to the similarities in the overall orientation of integration policy; the similarity of the policy problem and labour market shortage in the low skill segment experienced in both countries.

This paper estimates gender differences in children’s time allocation among four ordered options. It analyses the sample of boys and girls separately through a series of probit models using primary data. We compare the socio-economic determinants of boys’ and girls’ activities. The results suggest that boys are more likely to go to school as compared to girls with the increase in their age. The provision of schooling as an instrument to decrease child labour and home-care would affect boys more than girls. To make the adults literate (five years of education) only is not enough to eliminate the gender gap in schooling; a greater number of years of adult education is necessary. The female adult education may be devised to eliminate gender discrimination in child schooling. In the larger households, girls drop out of school and are absorbed in the labour market earlier than boys. The results further suggested that the use of resources is significantly different for boys’ and girls’ welfare. Thus, we conclude that girls can be a better target for increase in the welfare of all children in Pakistan.

This study examines the distributional asymmetric effects of macroeconomic variables – per capita income, inflation, public education spending, domestic investment, and migrants’ remittances – on human capital formation in Egypt (1980–2023). Using the residual augmented least squares-Engle–Granger (RALS-EG) cointegration test and the quantile autoregressive distributed lag error-correction (QARDL-EC) model, the study explores short- and long-term dynamics across quantiles. Main findings indicate substantial distributional asymmetries: inflation and per capita income exert a pronounced impact on human capital at extreme quantiles, whereas their impacts are minimal at median quantiles. Domestic investment demonstrates no influence; however, remittances reveal a cumulative effect that becomes detrimental at high quantiles, indicating possible “brain drain” externalities. Public education expenditure exhibits significant distributional imbalance, highlighting inefficiencies in resource distribution. The study concludes that enhancing the efficiency of public education expenditures is more imperative than augmenting budgets. Furthermore, remittances must be purposefully allocated to productive expenditures, including vocational training, technology-oriented research and development, and skill enhancement, to alleviate negative impacts. It is essential aligning growth-oriented policies with macroeconomic stability measures, such as inflation targeting, for sustainable human capital development. This study innovatively constructs Egypt’s quantitative human capital index with Kraay’s (2018. “Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index.” In World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8593. Washington: World Bank) approach, providing new perspectives on human capital development in emerging economies.

PurposeThis study investigates the long-run relationship between workers' remittances and human capital formation in Sri Lanka by using the macro-level time series data during the period of 1975–2020.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philips–Perron (PP) unit root tests, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds cointegration technique, the Granger causality test, the forecast error variance decomposition technique and impulse response function analysis were employed as the analytical techniques.FindingsIn accordance with the results of unit root tests, the variables used in this study are mixed order. Results of cointegration confirm that workers' remittances in Sri Lanka have both long-run and short-run beneficial relationship with human capital formation. The Granger causality test results indicate that there is a two-way causal relationship between workers' remittances and human capital formation. The results of forecast error variance decomposition expose that innovation of workers' remittances contributes to the forecast error variance in human capital in bell shape. Further, the empirical evidence of impulse response function analysis reveals that a positive standard deviation shock to workers' remittances has an immediate significant positive impact on human capital formation in Sri Lanka for a period of up to ten years.Practical implicationsThis research provides insights into the workers' remittances in human capital formation in Sri Lanka. The findings of this study provides evidence that workers' remittances help to produce human capital formation.Originality/valueBy using the ARDL Bounds cointegration and other techniques in Sri Lanka, this study fills an important gap in academic literature.

This paper evaluates the impacts of income inequality on life expectancy in African countries. The empirical analysis has been performed on a panel dataset of 52 African nations covering the period of 1995 to 2018. For estimating the inequality-health relationship, I have used Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) technique and a Panel Error Correction Model (PECM). The long-run cointegrating relationship was estimated using a Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (PDOLS) estimator. The outcomes suggest that income inequality has negatively affected life expectancy at birth in the African continent overall. Though income inequality seems to have improved health in the short-run, in the long-run, income inequality had deleterious effects. A series of steps has been followed to check the soundness of the result of the main empirical examination and it is confirmed that the results are robust.

The objective of determining the factors that contribute to achieve an efficient process of Human Capital Formation (HCF) according to the opinion of training experts and businessmen from the state of Yucatán. The information was obtained through a validated instrument by experts in the area. 17 businessmen and 18 HCF experts from Yucatan were interviewed. The interviews were made during the period of JulyNovember of the year 2021. The businessmen stated that perspective the capital formation processes do not work because they are not made for their needs in terms of their line of business and/or size, and government programs are generic and not very adaptable to their requirements. A few of them stay close to their membership chambers because the majority don't see relevance benefits. The experts mention that it is difficult to train company personnel because there is not enough time to fully complete the activity and the expensive of the training. However, they agree that HCF is an extremely important activity as a differentiating element and is essential for the permanence and growth of enterprises.