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A chronology of events in United Arab Emirates for the Jan 16-Apr 15, 2018 time period is presented.

A chronology of events in Libya for the Apr 16-Jul 15, 2018 time period is presented.

Overa century ago, the founder of modern, secular Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Alaturk, fought some of his first battles in the wadis and vilayets of north-eastern Libya. Now, the forces of the would-be founder of a new, pro-islamist, neo-Ottoman Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, are also fighting across that same terrain, in one of the Turkish leader's most important overseas ventures. Post-Ataturk, it was not until relatively recently that Turkey had much of a profile in Libya. In the latter years of the Libyan dictator, Muammar Qaddafi, however, Turkish construction companies established a sizeable presence there. However, as a result of the violence of the 2011 revolution, Turkish companies were left with around $1.6 billion in unpaid debts, while their building sites were looted and workers hastily evacuated. The conflagration of conflicts in and around Libya is already having a significant impact on wider Mediterranean disputes.

This research mainly aims to show the balancing game of Russia in Syria and Libya after the Arab Spring. Recently Russia has increased its influence in Syria and Libya by its own capabilities and alliances with regional and local actors. Thus, it sought to consolidate its strength and balance its rivals, predominantly the US, in the international system. After the Arab Spring, Russia deployed its military muscle to Syria to protect its traditional ally the Bashar al-Assad regime, and restrain the US from solely dominating the region. Its attempts achieved to ensure the regime's survival and balance the US in the country. Later, it sought to expand its sphere of influence and balance the rivals in Libya. It primarily used its own capabilities and alliance relations with the Khalifa Haftar group, the UAE, and Egypt. Russia's growing presence in Libya inevitably affected the regional competition and balance of power among the states. However, the clashes among the militias supported by the external powers escalated in the fragmented country. Eventually, the UN-recognized GNA consolidated its power against the Khalifa Haftar forces and seized the control of northwest Libya, but an unstable environment still prevails in the country.

Tobruk's Marsa al-Hariqa oil port reopened the day after a protest by members of the 'Ubaydat tribe against the appointment of 'Ali al-'Isawi as economy minister. 'Isawi had been named as a suspect in the killing of 'Abd al-Fattah Yunus, a member of the 'Ubaydat tribe who had emerged as a key rebel commander after he had defected from Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi's military during the 2011 uprising. While a Libyan court dropped the case against 'Isawi in 2012, the killing had continued to produce tension among rebels. Meanwhile, at least a dozen people were presumed abducted and four were killed in an attack on the town of Fuqaha by affiliates of the Islamic State organization. The four victims included the mayor's son and two policemen, who were killed as attackers torched government buildings and houses.

Washington DC's Middle East Institute hosted a January 13 panel discussion launching MEI nonresident fellow Jason Pack's paper \"An International Financial Commission is Libya's Last Hope.\" Pack proposed that an economic-based approach is the best way to end Libya's six-year civil war. According to Pack, of the world's five major conflicts: Syria, Iraq, North Korea, Yemen and Libya, \"Libya is the only one whose solution can pay for itself\" because of the country's vast oil resources. \"Libyans are smart, savvy and well-informed,\" he said. \"And when you speak to them, you always hear that the key question that interests them is not who should be the president or the prime minister, but rather how the country's vast resources should be used and distributed.\" Nate Mason, former commercial officer at the American Embassy in Tripoli, agreed that economic concerns are the primary driver of the civil war in Libya.

Libya has sunk into chaos since Muammar Gaddafi was deposed by a Westernled military intervention in 2011. Since then, the Libyan crisis has escalated into an internationalised armed conflict, and a major power struggle between Turkey, Qatar, Italy, and Russia, Egypt, France, and the United Arab Emirates. In the last few years, General Khalifa Haftar has become Libyas most prominent military commander, who is now ruling the eastern part of the country, as the head of the Libyan National Army. His military offensive, launched in April 2019, to capture the capital Tripoli forced Turkey to help the UN-backed Government of National Accord to avoid defeat. But Haftar too received additional military support, especially from Abu Dhabi and Moscow. This escalated the conflict even further, spurring Ankara for another, this time more consequential intervention, which was able to change the local balance of power, so diplomatic efforts and the peace process could get another chance.

Since last year, North Africa has become a world’s hot spot, following the Libyan Civil War, which erupted after the violent death of dictator Muammar Gaddafi and the Libyan Liberation Army’s (LNA) starting of the offensive to conquer Tripoli.Last but not least, the international terrorism, represented by Al Qaeda and the Islamic State, has transformed into another hot spot on the world map. These terrorists have found „Safe Havens” in North Africa and the Sahel region, coming into contact with local extremist groups and organised crime, in order to take control of illegal arms, drug and human trafficking.The presence of the International Community in the region is quite numerous, both military and diplomatic-economic. But its actions, as well as the presence of regional powers with different interests in certain parts of Africa, are uncorrelated and ineffective, even leading to the exacerbation of the conflict and its transformation into a proxy war.

A chronology of events in Libya for the Apr 16-Aug 15, 2019 time period is presented.

The second half of 2020 has began with an increase in military action in the Libyan Civil War, not in number but in intensity, exacerbated by the withdrawal of General Haftar's loyal forces and the military intervention of regional powers such as Turkey, the UAE and Russia, as well as the threat posed by Egypt with the use of military force. As a result, unwilling to extend this conflict to other North African states, the belligerents have reached a ceasefire agreement under continued pressure from the international community. Thus, on Oct 23, the belligerent parties signed in Geneva, under UN and Germany coordination, a ceasefire agreement in Libya, which immediately entered into force. The agreement was the beginning of a basis for political-military discussions and negotiations, including the regional powers involved, for the achievement of prosperity and the resumption of economic activities in the country. From a military point of view, it was agreed to give up foreign mercenaries, whose responsibility will be taken over by a mixed of police forces.