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Den Philosophen und Theologen Friedrich Schleiermacher und den dänischen Philosophen, Mineralogen und Theologen Henrik Steffens verband nicht nur eine enge Freundschaft, sondern sie verstanden sich - kurz nacheinander 1804 an die Universität Halle berufen - auch als wissenschaftliches Pendant.

\"Read about Halle Berry's life: from a young child to a model to a world-famous actress\"--Provided by publisher.

National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

‚Radikalaufklärung‘ war der Aufklärungszeit als Begriff nicht bekannt. Als der Terminus von der Geschichtswissenschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts geprägt wurde, fand er schnell Anwendung auf Carl Friedrich Bahrdt (1740–1792), eine der schillerndsten Persönlichkeiten der Spätaufklärung. Bahrdt floh 1779 nach Halle, um sich der Verfolgung zu entziehen, die ihm auf dem Reichsgebiet außerhalb Preußens wegen seiner als anstößig empfundenen Bibelübersetzung drohte. Seine Verbannung verband er mit der Veröffentlichung eines Glaubensbekenntnisses, in dem er dogmatische Lehren benannte, die vernunftwidrig oder bibelfremd waren und es daher verdienten, aus dem Glaubenssystem entfernt zu werden. Der Beitrag fragt nach Bahrdts ‚Radikalität‘ und ‚Radikalisierung‘. Diese Entwicklung war keine rein intellektuelle, sondern schöpfte ihre Dynamik aus den Strategien der Selbstvermarktung. Läßt man sich auf eine breitere Analyse ein, so werden die Grenzen einer rein ideengeschichtlichen Auffassung von Radikalaufklärung deutlich. The term radical enlightenment was not contemporary to the enlightenment period but rather coined by later historians. It however soon found application in the case of Carl Friedrich Bahrdt (1740–1792), one of the intriguing figures of the later eighteenth century. Bahrdt fled to Halle in 1779 to escape the persecution which threatened him in the rest of the Reich outside Prussia because offence had been taken at his new translation of the New Testament. His banishment was coupled with the publication with a Profession of Belief in which he enumerated the articles of dogma which had no basis in reason or revelation and therefore pleaded for their removal from the prescribed system of belief. On this basis the question will be asked about Bahrdt's 'radicalism' as he arrived in Halle. The question is justified in view of the radicalization which Bahrdt's views experienced. This development was not purely intellectual but rather driven by strategies of self-marketing. This will then prompt an analysis looking at the inadequacy of a perspective rooted alone in intellectual history when it comes to understanding the biography of a radical enlightenment figure such as Bahrdt.

Vorgestellt wird das Erschließungsprojekt zum Verlagsarchiv Gebauer–Schwetschke, das vielfältige Dokumente zur literarischen Öffentlichkeit sowie den Kommunikationsverhältnissen in Europa im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert beinhaltet, ebenso zu Vertrieb und Rezeption klandestiner Schriften. Der damit verbundene Quellenwert wird andeutungsweise für den Verlagsautor Carl Friedrich Bahrdt und insbesondere anhand religionskritischer Publikationen Bahrdts vorgeführt, die von Mylius in Berlin verlegt und bei Gebauer in Halle gedruckt sowie u. a. durch diesen vertrieben wurden. This contribution presents a project analyzing the archival material which was left behind by the publishing house Gebauer–Schwetschke and which contains documents offering insight into the literary public sphere, the general system of communication in the 18th and 19th century as well as the distribution and reception of clandestine literature. The value of these sources will be indicated by focusing on Carl Friedrich Bahrdt and in particular upon his works of religious criticism which were published by Mylius in Berlin and then printed and distributed by Gebauer in Halle.

Or le-‘et ‘erev was the most popular missionary pamphlet printed by the Pietist Institutum Judaicum et Muhammedicum in Halle (Saale). This Yiddish booklet garnered much attention among Jews and Christians alike, and it was translated into several languages, including Dutch. One Dutch translation was penned by a Jewish convert who later reverted to Judaism and faced various accusations relating to his translation. This article focuses on that Dutch translation and the largely unknown personality of its author. The translation and its accompanying paratexts are compared with another eighteenth-century Dutch translation of the same pamphlet, thus shedding light on the translation techniques used, as well as the nature of the work and its intended audience. The translator’s multiple identities appear in a diverse corpus of documents under several aliases. In his largely unknown Hebrew apologia, Or le-‘et boker , which demonstrates a profound knowledge of Judaism as well as remarkable literary skills, he rewrote the story of his reconversion as a tale of repentance and redemption. Despite the idiosyncrasy of this fascinating life story, which transitions between Christianity and Judaism, the translator should be viewed as belonging to a larger group of less-known eighteenth-century Jewish authors and reformers. The members of this group sought to improve piety and religious education among their coreligionists and shared eighteenth-century Christian pietist notions of religiosity.

Using evidence generated by the Flacian controversy over original sin as it transpired in the German territory of Mansfeld, this study demonstrates that by the late sixteenth century, much of the laity there had developed a complex understanding of Lutheran doctrine.

In a series of papers within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM), Calabrese (2012 et seq.) has convincingly argued that there is a link between the (a)thematicity and the (ir)regularity of verbal forms: the presence of a Theme Vowel (ThV) has a direct effect on the regularity of the respective verbal forms whereas its absence may cause allomorphy. However, Calabrese posits numerous postsyntactic processes and idiosyncratic rules, which – in our opinion – lack cognitive plausibility. In this paper, we will show that spanning (Svenonius 2012; Merchant 2015) is an economical and adequate way to implement verbal allomorphy in Romance. We argue that morpho-phonologically realized ThVs function as a kind of intermediate domain delimiter and we show, following the DM-based Vocabulary Insertion-Only Model (Haugen & Siddiqi 2016), that many of the context-specific rules and processes proposed in other works can be reduced to Vocabulary Insertion. Our analysis keeps the elements in syntax as small as possible, but allows spanning Vocabulary Items (VIs), i.e. VIs that realize more than one syntactic terminal node at once. We will illustrate our approach through analyzes of grammatically determined athematicity, athematic conjugation classes (CC), and inherited athematicity in irregular Romance verb inflection.