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In this paper, according to the structural composition of the cooling water system of a 6500DWT bulk carrier, the model of the seawater cooling system is established by applying AFT Impulse software. First, the system is analyzed in a steady state; then, considering the characteristics of the system operation, we determine the typical valve shutdown and pump stopping conditions to be analyzed to elaborate the influence of water hammer pressure on the piping system in different conditions. Then, we calibrate to ensure the system complies with the design requirements. Aiming at the working conditions where the water hammer phenomenon occurs, different water hammer protection measures are set up and optimized to avoid the occurrence of the water hammer phenomenon when the valve closes quickly and the pump stops running to ensure the safety and controllability of the cooling water system.

Hank Hammer and the tool team are ready to build a birdhouse.

This study comprehensively analyses the Yamaguchi-Ichikawa (YI) model for water hammer phenomena in hydraulic systems, alongside recent theoretical studies and experiments. While promising initially, comparative investigations reveal limitations in the YI model’s alignment with experimental data, particularly regarding initial conditions and pulsation periodicity. These shortcomings, including the absence of a phase shift, may hinder its applicability in complex pressure systems with multiple wave reflections. The research focuses on analyzing analytical models that describe the phenomenon of water hammer. These models enable the proposal of future research directions, integrating theoretical models with experimental observations.

The introduction of central orifice and central pressure-equalizing groove (PEG) greatly improves the load capacity of aerostatic thrust bearing. However, it is also easier to cause pneumatic hammer vibration which will degrade the bearing performance and requires to be studied urgently. In this paper, a dynamic model is developed to investigate this problem by coupling the bearing dynamic equation and the transient gas film Reynolds equation which is reduced by Galerkin weighted residual method and discretized through finite element method. The flexible sensor is creatively applied to measure the aerostatic force and gas film pressure distribution, which help verify the model correctness. The mechanism of pneumatic hammer is revealed by analyzing the molecular kinetic energy and the phase difference between variations of gas film thickness and aerostatic force. The characteristics of pneumatic hammer are analyzed under different structural parameters and supply pressures. The results indicate the pneumatic hammer vibration tends to happen when the mass and supply pressure are greater than the corresponding critical values.

Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that Antibodies maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers. Thanks to the cooperation of our reviewers, in 2020, the median time to first decision was 17 days and the median time to publication was 59.5 days. Adolf-Bryfogle, Jared Liu, Xianglei Åhlin, Anders Lo, Shyh-Chyi Alam, Md Kausar Lopalco, Lucia Albarnaz, Jonas D. Lub-de Hooge, Marjolijn N. Al-Saleem, Fetweh Lucas, Andrew T. Alt, Karen Ma, Buyong Angkawidjaja, Clement Mack, Matthias Antigua, Khristine Joy C. Maglio, Ornella Arunkumar, Abhiram Manez, Rafael Axiotis, Evangelos Manna, Saikat Azam, Aa Haeruman Mansour, Salah Ban, Bhupal Martin, Andrew C. R. Barfield, Robyn Martins, Sonia Bawadekar, Mandar Matsushita, Shuzo Bax, Heather Mazor, Ohad Bernard, Nicole Mehta, Paras Berrondo, Monica Mo, Fei Berthelot, Laureline Mukherjee, Shibabrata Bianchini, Rodolfo Mukherjee, Somnath Blot-Chabaud, Marcel Nemenoff, Raphael Boyd, Andrew Nesterov-Mueller, Alexander Breitling, Frank Nicoletti, Loredana Brooks, Cory L. Nijhof, Inger Bulatov, Emil Nishikimi, Akihiko Challa, Dilip Nordenfelt, Pontus Chen, Long Oh, Eun-Jee Chen, Shih-Chieh Onaca, Nicholas Cheng, Luisa W. Ortiz, Andric Dahiya, Satinder Ozen, Mehmet Danilov, Sergei M. Pasternak, Gerard Dar, Mohd Saleem Patil, Veerupaxagouda Davey, Martin Pellefigues, Christophe De Kruif, John Pezzoni, Giulia Debadyuti, Ghosh Plans-Rubi, Pedro Dessain, Scott K. Poole, Brian D. Devasundaram, Santhi Profumo, Elisabetta Devaurs, Didier Qi, Junpeng Dixit, Surjit Rader, Christoph Duranti, Claudia Ravichandran, Supriya Eason, James Reddy, Sai T. Elvington, Michelle Reuter, Stefan Escobar-Cabrera, Eric Rieder, Michael Fuentes-Lopez, Sandra Riley, Lee Gallagher, D. Travis Rispens, Theo Gan, Samuel Rokstad, Anne Mari Ganguly, Samit Roumenina, Lubka Garcia Parra, Jezabel Rubin, Robert L. Gilburd, Boris Russo, Giulio Golay, Josee Sasaki, Motoko Gorovits, Boris Scheu, Stefanie Gorshkova, Ekaterina N. Schlothauer, Tilman Gosav, Evelina Maria Schorzman, Allison N. Gottschalk, Stephen Schrum, Adam Goulet, Dennis R. Scott, Andrew Grubić Kezele, Tanja Sharma, Preeti Hadži, San Shim, Hyunbo Halkias, Joanna Sochaj-Gregorczyk, Alicja Maria Hamilton, Robert G. Spoerl, David Hammers, Christoph M. Stang, Espen Hatano, Yuichiro Strasser, Richard Hazlett, Karsten Sun, Wei Healey, Gareth Sutton, Brian Hiruta, Yuki Takagi, Motoki Hoebeke, Johan Tanha, Jamshid Homma, Takujiro Teplyakov, Alexey Houen, Gunnar Thaker, Youg Raj Hwang, Dobeen Theise, Neil Hytti, Maria Tsuchikama, Kyoji Iaccino, Enrico Vance, David Idda, Maria Laura Varki, Nissi M. Ippolito, Gregory Vartak, Abhishek Jakobsson, Eric Vattepu, Ravi Jayaraman, Sundararajan Velikova, Tsvetelina Jeliazkov, Jeliazko R. Venkatesan, Thiagarajan Johnson, Dylan M. Vidarsson, Gestur Jones, Martina Wagner, Alain Joshi, Kamal Wang, Shaobin Kalra, Raj Singh Weitkamp, Hendrik Kang, Min-Jung Wheatley, Adam Karsten, Christina Beatrice Williamson, E. Diane Kazemian, Majid Wu, Yee Ling Khan, Naeem Xiao, Yongsheng Khatun, Amina Yamaki, Kouya Kolawole, Abimbola Yang, Kun Korona, Dagmara Yin, Tianlei Kowal, Krzysztof Yu, Chunsong Krause, Frank Zagożdżon, Radosław Lamichhane, Purushottam Zhang, Rui Lee, Sukmook Zhang, Weiping Leyton, Jeffrey V. Zhang, Xiangmin Li, Tommy Zhou, Qun Lima, Wanessa C. Zhou, Weijie Liou, Chian-Jiun Zielonka, Stefan Antibodies Editorial Office MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland

As a key and indispensable component of urban fire protection systems, the design and operational quality of fire-fighting branch pipe networks exert a critical influence on fire prevention and control effectiveness. This study compares four branch pipe network layouts—central-terminal, central-center, side-terminal, and side-center—by adopting numerical simulation methods to systematically investigate water hammer effects and particle adhesion patterns at varying heights. The simulation results clearly show that symmetric layouts have obvious advantages over asymmetric ones: they outperform asymmetric layouts in dispersing water hammer pressure waves, reducing pressure peaks, and shortening stabilization time. Pipeline elevation shows no obvious correlation with pressure amplitude; however, increasing height will prolong stabilization time while reducing particle adhesion. This research quantifies the relationship between pipeline network layouts, water hammer effects, and particle erosion, thus providing a solid theoretical basis for optimizing fire-fighting pipeline network designs and formulating protection strategies. These findings further contribute to enhancing the safety and economy of fire protection systems.

Pressure fluctuation (PF) is a serious issue in transitions of the ultra-high head (UHH) pump-turbines (PTs). To explore the mechanism and control method of PF, the turbine runaway process (TRP) of an UHH PT was simulated using the one- and three-dimensional coupled method. The study suggested that the local backflow (BF) near the high-pressure (HP) inlet of the impeller blocked the impeller channel and induced water hammer. The local BF near the HP inlet of the impeller were closely related to the ratio of rotational speed to PT head. To suppress the BF this study proposed an improved impeller channel with 5 degree spread angle in meridian plane. The study found that the increase of rotational speed and transient pressure variations induced by water hammer could be suppressed successfully by using the improved impeller. The study provided important reference for the design and optimization of the UHH PTs.

Elevated plantar foot pressures during gait in diabetic patients with neuropathy have been suggested to result, among other factors, from the distal displacement of sub-metatarsal head (MTH) fat-pad cushions caused by to claw/hammer toe deformity. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess these associations. Thirteen neuropathic diabetic subjects with claw/hammer toe deformity, and 13 age- and gender-matched neuropathic diabetic controls without deformity, were examined. Dynamic barefoot plantar pressures were measured with an EMED pressure platform. Peak pressure and force–time integral for each of 11 foot regions were calculated. Degree of toe deformity and the ratio of sub-MTH to sub-phalangeal fat-pad thickness (indicating fat-pad displacement) were measured from sagittal plane magnetic resonance images of the foot. Peak pressures at the MTHs were significantly higher in the patients with toe deformity (mean 626 (SD 260) kPa) when compared with controls (mean 363 (SD 115) kPa, P<0.005). MTH peak pressure was significantly correlated with degree of toe deformity ( r=−0.74) and with fat-pad displacement ( r=−0.71) ( P<0.001). The ratio of force–time integral in the toes and the MTHs (toe-loading index) was significantly lower in the group with deformity. These results show that claw/hammer toe deformity is associated with a distal-to-proximal transfer of load in the forefoot and elevated plantar pressures at the MTHs in neuropathic diabetic patients. Distal displacement of the plantar fat pad is suggested to be the underlying mechanism in this association. These conditions increase the risk for plantar ulceration in these patients.

In order to meet the urgent needs of lightweight and high-safety explosion-proof electrical equipment in coal mines, this paper takes carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites as the research object, observes the interface microstructure of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, and analyzes their excellent mechanical properties. On this basis, in order to evaluate its impact resistance, according to the national standard GB / T3836.1-2021, the drop hammer impact test was carried out on the samples at different temperatures, and the pit depth data of the surface of the carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites after the drop hammer impact at different temperatures were obtained, which promoted the application of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites in the lightweight and safety improvement of coal mine explosion-proof electrical equipment.