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"Hang gliding"
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How do hang gliders work?
\"Would you want to swoop through the air like a bird? Riding a hang glider is a fun way to fly. But a hang glider has no motor. How does the pilot take off? How does the hang glider stay in the air? Learn the answers in this book!\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Decoding the neural representation of affective states
Brain activity was monitored while participants viewed picture sets that reflected high or low levels of arousal and positive, neutral, or negative valence. Pictures within a set were presented rapidly in an incidental viewing task while fMRI data were collected. The primary purpose of the study was to determine if multi-voxel pattern analysis could be used within and between participants to predict valence, arousal and combined affective states elicited by pictures based on distributed patterns of whole brain activity. A secondary purpose was to determine if distributed patterns of whole brain activity can be used to derive a lower dimensional representation of affective states consistent with behavioral data. Results demonstrated above chance prediction of valence, arousal and affective states that was robust across a wide range of number of voxels used in prediction. Additionally, individual differences multidimensional scaling based on fMRI data clearly separated valence and arousal levels and was consistent with a circumplex model of affective states.
► Affective category identification within participants from fMRI data. ► Affective category identification across participants from fMRI data. ► Circumplex representation of affect recovered from fMRI data.
Journal Article
Effects of free-flight activities on wildlife: a poorly understood issue in conservation
Recreational activities may have negative effects on wildlife, but there are very few studies specifically on the effects of free-flight activities (i.e., hang-gliders, paragliders and their powered derivatives) on wildlife. We review the existing scientific studies on this issue in order to identify the gaps in knowledge at the taxonomic-group level in order to develop guidelines to minimize the impacts of recreational free-flight on wildlife. We found that studies mainly concerned the effects on four ungulate species (chamois, red deer, roe deer and Alpine ibex) and, to a lesser extent, on raptors such as the golden eagle and two vulture species (bearded vulture and cinereous vulture). The studies have generally been carried out in high mountain areas (e.g., the European Alps). Data show that free-flight activities create disturbances and have negative effects on wildlife, resulting in increased energy expenditure, reduction of feeding time, abandonment of feeding areas, reduced breeding output, loss of body condition, increased predation risk and harm from flight accidents. However, the lack of studies on many species and areas, along with the small number of long-term studies, prevents proper assessment of the current situation regarding the impact of this activity on wildlife. We provide recommendations to improve the regulation of this activity.
Journal Article
A Review on the Concept of Superfluity Mechanism in Solubility Enhancement
Superfluity drug delivery system (SFDDS) is an auspicious conception to obtain adequate oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs especially those drugs which are belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System II. The drug is in the form of high energy or otherwise swiftly dissolving form such that generated the drug in intraluminal concentrations above the saturation solubility which is liable for desired pharmacological response to the systemic circulation due to superfluity mechanism. The mechanism is based upon spring-parachute and hang-glider effect which involves the inhibition of nucleation with the help of precipitation inhibitors which will act as parachute and glider effect in superfluity formulations and the spring and hang will act as technology used to formulated the dosage form such as amorphous solid dispersion, co-crystals, supersaturated self-emulsifying drug-delivery system correlating to want the biological response is inadequate in the aqueous solubility of drug encountered with formulation development of new drug and existing drug as well as for the new formulation development of existing drug. The methods related to solubilization process are not necessarily improving the absorption in GIT i.e., the free fraction of drug molecules in the inter-micellar phase is limited at the time of dissolution process of the intestinal barrier. This review articles belongs to mechanism of superfluity strategy which overcomes many of the obstacles and limitations of solubilization methods especially very poorly water-soluble drug.
Journal Article
Aeronautes. Herzogowskie ujęcie z lotu ptaka
The author of the essay takes up the subject of characteristic Herzogian aerial shots. Understanding Werner Herzog’s documentaries as an epistemological project, she draws attention to the role of sky-high perspective in his search for new, “unused” images – that is, in the process which, in Herzog’s opinion, is mankind’s key task. Following researchers such as Teresa Castro, Eric Ames, Brad Prager, and Laurie Ruth Johnson, the author proves that Herzog’s aerial shots have a cognitive function and are used as a means of constructing “alien geographies”, in which real landscapes are transformed into “landscapes of the soul”. The White Diamond (2004) is placed at the centre of this discussion, being a metafilm in which Herzog comments on his own visual practices, and reveals both his motivations and the realization process, as well as the benefits of adopting the aeronautes’ perspective.
Journal Article
Kitesurfing and snowkiting injuries in Norway: a retrospective study
Background
Kiteboarding (kitesurfing on water and snowkiting) is a fairly new sport and is defined as a high-risk sport. The injury rate has been reported to be between 6 and 9 per 1000 h. The aim of the study was to identify and describe kiteboarding-related injuries in Norway over a five-year period.
Methods
We used “snowball sampling” to identify kiteboarding accidents in a retrospective study. In addition, we conducted structural searches in the National Air Ambulance Service and Search and Rescue Helicopter patient record databases. All included informants were interviewed. Descriptive methods were used to characterise the sample.
Results
Twenty-nine kiteboarders were included, with a total of 33 injuries. One half of the injuries to head, face and neck were cerebral concussions (
n
= 12). The most common type of injury was bone fractures (
n
= 28), followed by soft tissue injuries (
n
= 24). Most injuries were of moderate severity (51%) and falling from less than 5 m was the most common mechanism of injury. Operator error and lack of experience were the most frequently reported causes of accidents (82%).
Conclusions
Serious injuries occured during kiteboarding. The majority of kiteboarders reported operator error or lack of experience as the cause of their accident. Prior to kiteboarding, a course highlighting the importance in using helmet for snowkiting and both helmet and life vest in kitesurfing, should be mandatory.
Journal Article
The BMJ’s Christmas gogglebox
[...]do spare a moment of reflection for this year's charity, Doctors of the World, and support them with your usual generosity (doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6841 ).
Journal Article
IMPROVED TEST CRITERIA FOR PROTECTORS IN PARAGLIDING HARNESSES CONSIDERING TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, INJURIES AND INJURY MECHANISMS
Background The German hang-glider association reports that approximately 60% of serious injuries resulting from hang-glider accidents are to the spine. The market-approval of back protectors encompasses an impact test. Objective When the impact test was introduced, information concerning accident situations was scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate how the impact test can be improved. Design Relevant load cases were derived from a survey among 61 pilots which have sustained a spinal injury in a paragliding accident. Paragliding accident videos were analysed in terms of impact velocities and angles. Based on the gathered information an enhanced test procedure was proposed. A Finite Element model of a harness was created and validated against impact tests. The baseline model's performance was evaluated according to the enhanced impact test procedure. Risk factor assessment The performance was rated using the Dynamic Response-model (DR) and the maximum acceleration. Results The current impact test covers approximately 50% of impact scenarios. In terms of impact velocity far less than 25% of impacts are covered by the current test procedure. Conclusions An enhanced test procedure with a vertical impact velocity of 8m/s and an impactor mass of 80 kg is suggested, considering impacts to the side, to the front, to the rear and to the bottom of the protector. The enhanced test procedure covers 80% of impact scenarios, 50% of impact velocities and about 50% of occupants in terms of weight. For the evaluation of injury risk the DR was suggested, as it is sensitive to the load direction. It is shown that current protectors will likely fail in the enhanced test procedure. However, the FE study also shows that room for improvement still exists with regards to the shape of protectors and materials used.
Journal Article
